PARK AND CEMETERY. 
215 
a piece of ground of unattractive general 
appearance that it may become a thing of 
beauty and unquestionable utility. On the 
other hand, some of the most beautiful 
projects have been absolutely ruined by in- 
judicious location of trees, shrubs and 
flowers which should have been an at- 
tractive feature. 
The first study is the general grouping 
of trees and shrubs. These must be so 
located that advantage will be taken of 
natural conditions. On the borders plant- 
ings should be plotted to form deep bays 
if space permits. These may be accen- 
tuated by groups extending out from the 
lines. Single specimens of fine old trees 
should be carefully preserved and backed 
or framed with other plantings. If entire 
seclusion is required, the border plantings 
referred to may extend around the entire 
property. In this case the selection of 
stock should be made with a view to the 
sky line as well as to the lawn surface, so 
that the general appearance will not pre- 
sent a boxed-in condition. Referring to 
vistas, nothing is more useful for giving a 
broad and generous effect to the landscape. 
They also afford opportunities for planting- 
effects of both trees and shrubs. The 
junction of roads and paths usually afford 
excellent planting spaces, but care must be 
exercised not to allow such plantings to 
influence the general open scheme desired. 
The detail planting calls for arrange- 
ment 'of trees, shrubs and flowers to get 
the individual and group effects. These 
may be of different characters and so se- 
lected that each may play a prominent part 
during the entire year. Starting with the 
early months come the spring flowers, and, 
as a rule, reference is made to only shrubs 
and hardy perennials. Spring flowers are 
the crowning features, although selections 
may be made so that the period really ex- 
tends right up to the frost. While, as a 
matter of fact, the mind is apt to asso- 
ciate Nature’s flowers more with the spring 
than any other season, yet the fall display 
is probably more prominent, though of 
smaller variety of bloom. Beautiful ef- 
fects may be secured from the foliage 
alone. The different shades of green, the 
golden tints, the purple and variations may 
be grouped in such manner that they take 
a prominent part in the landscape effect. 
We have been able to copy with consider- 
able success both foliage and flower effects 
of Nature, but it is doubtful if anything 
man has planned can reach the perfection 
which Nature obtains in the autumnal col- 
oring. However, it is a high standard 
which we try to reach, and, therefore, it 
is one of the deepest studies of the land- 
scape architect. 
Even the dreary winter season may be 
brightened by the use of evergreens, trees 
with various colored barks and shrubs 
with berries. Is the value of the latter 
fully appreciated ? Mention has been made 
of their use from a landscape point of 
view, but there is still a greater one, and 
that is as food for the birds. It has been 
proven without doubt that the increase of 
insects is due in a great measure to the 
fact that the wild birds have been de- 
stroyed and are rapidly disappearing. Their 
nesting places are gone and the pugnacious 
English sparrow has helped to drive the 
native birds from their accustomed haunts. 
Food is scarce, and gradually but surely 
our little friends are becoming scarcer and 
scarcer, and it will only be a short time 
when they will practically become extinct. 
The berried plants will help keep the birds 
with us and at the same time add a most 
satisfactory feature to our landscape work. 
While it is impossible to give a general 
list which would cover all localities, there 
are a number of trees and plants which 
may be mentioned as carrying out fore- 
going thoughts. Among the early spring 
flowers, as far as being effective, may be 
mentioned the Azalea, Cercis the Judas 
Tree, Crataegus the Hawthorn, Lonicera 
the Bush Honeysuckle, particularly the 
Lonicera fragrantissima, Philadelphus the 
Mock Orange, Spiraea, particularly Spi- 
raea Van Houttei, Weigelas the Diervilla, 
the Snowballs, the Magnolias, the For- 
sythias, the Golden Bell, the Deutzia, the 
Cydonia Japonica Quince. Among the 
hardy perennials the Iris, the Phlox, partic- 
ularly the Subulata, Dicentra the Bleeding 
Heart, Aquilegia the Columbine, Alyssum 
saxatile compactum the Mad Wort, Ceras- 
tium Snow-in-Summer, Vinca the Peri- 
winkle. All of these are comparatively 
hardy in any section and produce splendid 
spring display. Among trees and shrubs 
which may be mentioned for their foliage 
effect, either the Purple Beech, White- 
leaved Linden, Purple Barberry, Sambucus 
Canadensis aurea the Elderberry, Ligus- 
trum aurcum the Golden Privet, Hibiscus 
Meehani variegata Leaved Rose of Sharon, 
Prunus Pissardi Purple Plum, Philadel- 
phus coronarius aureaus Golden Mock 
Orange, Weigela nana variegata variegated 
Weigela and Hydrangea radiata. 
Many of the plants mentioned in the 
named list also assist in the fall foliage 
effect by those which are properly classed. 
Distinctive for that purpose are the Scar- 
let Oak, Sassafras, Acer rubrum Red Ma- 
ple, Rhus the Sumach, Oxydendrum the 
Sorrel Tree, Cornus florida pendula the 
Dogwood, Itea Virginica the Willow 
Shrub, Lindera Benzoin Spice Wood, Cle- 
thra alnifolia Sweet Pepper, Berberis 
Thunbergii the Barberry, Euonymus alatus 
Spindle Tree. 
A list of berry bearing plants as follows : 
Viburnum, Ilex, Symphoricarpos, Wild 
Rose, Dogwood. Lonicera, Thamnus ca- 
thartica, Lindera Benzoin. 
Ordinarily the grounds of a crematory 
are not large in extent, and, therefore, the 
use of large evergreens is limited to a 
great extent. Where they are indicated, 
however, the following will be found to be 
very effective: Abies Veitchii Silver Fir, 
Pinus Austriaca the Pine, Picea pungens 
Kosteriana Blue Spruce, Abies Nordman- 
niana Nordman’s Fir, Cedrus Atlantica 
glauca Blue Mt. Atlas Cedar. 
Smaller evergreens must in a great meas- 
ure be depended upon to give results de- 
sired on small ground. Among the broad- 
leaved evergreens suitable for this purpose 
the Rhododendrons and Kalmias play an 
important part. To this may be added the 
Yucca, the Box Bush, the Euonymus and 
Andromeda. A favorable list of ever- 
greens would include Siberica arborvitae, 
the Retinispora, Picea exelsa inverta, Pi- 
cea excelsa Maxwelli, Picea excelsa prya- 
midalis, the Junipers, particularly Juniperus 
communis aurea, Juniperus Japonica au- 
rea, Juniperus Virginiana Schottei, Junip- 
erus Virginiana glauca, Juniperus Virgini- 
ana tripartita, Juniperus communis Wau- 
kegan, Juniperus Sabina tamariscifolia, 
and perhaps, above all, the Juniperus Pfitz- 
eriana and Juniperus Neaboriensis. 
The maintenance of a property, whether 
public or private, occupies the same posi- 
tion. There are five important items to be 
considered : tree pruning, shrub pruning, 
spraying, fertilizing, and the general care 
of the lawns and roads. If these items 
have been given careful consideration at 
the time the property was laid out, then 
the cost of maintenance will be relatively 
small. If, however, the roads have not 
been properly constructed or drained, they 
will continually be a source of annoyance 
and expense. If the general drainage has 
been neglected, trouble is sure to be had 
in the disposal of water and the treatment 
of low and water-soaked land. If delicate 
or half-hardy stock has been used in the 
planting, it will be necessary to continually 
nourish and replace it. Referring to the 
items of maintenance just mentioned, may 
we consider them in the order named? 
Tree pruning is very important. It must 
be remembered that, no matter how well 
cared for, they are growing under unnat- 
ural conditions. As a rule, owing to the 
opportunities presented, they have pro- 
duced a larger amount of wood than they 
would under ordinary circumstances. As 
all leaves and vegetable matter has been 
carefully gathered up and removed, there 
is no way of naturally supplying food to 
the roots. Unless the trees are given at- 
tention, this will produce weak wood and 
dying branches. All these should be care- 
fully removed and the tree pruned an- 
nually in such manner as its position may 
warrant. The method of pruning should 
be the removal of not only the weak and 
dead branches, but also those which are 
extending beyond the prescribed limit. Un- 
less under extraordinary circumstances, it 
is never advisable to head in a tree. If it 
is desired to reduce the size, then remove 
entirely the longer limbs. In the cutting 
see that the point of amputation is just ex- 
actly at the collar. This will insure a 
