231 
should elect to make for improvements of 
this kind is money well invested, not only 
for reasons of economical value, but also 
by the enhanced beauty and harmonious 
appearance of our grounds. Some of the 
most sweeping and effective rules that have 
served well in Spring Grove Cemetery to 
meet obstacles otherwise difficult to over- 
come, which demonstrate the liberal policy 
a cemetery should adopt in such matters : 
1. The superintendent is authorized to 
take down and remove fences surround- 
ing lots, and in exchange to give and set 
corner stones properly marked, also to 
grade and improve such lots free of ex- 
pense to owners. 
2. Where fences or other structures on 
any lot have, by reason of neglect, become 
objectionable in the judgment of the Board 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
of Directors, they are authorized to have 
the same removed, in which case the out- 
line of the lot shall be preserved by corner 
stone, or proper land marks. 
In order to combat the evil of insig- 
nificant vases and other metallic objects, 
such as figures of animals, etc., the follow- 
ing rule was established and enforced : 
No monument, grave mark, or other struc- 
ture made of metallic substances, other 
than standard bronze, will be allowed upon 
lots in the cemetery, except urns, which 
must not be les9 than four feet wide at 
top and four feet high, and may be made 
of iron or stone; for the latter, three feet 
in diameter is permissible. 
I cannot refrain from impressing upon 
you the importance of the judicious use of 
deciduous trees and shruDs, broad-leaved 
evergreens and conifers to eliminate or 
screen from view some undesirable struc- 
ture or else to modify and soften the bold 
outlines or unfortunate proportion of cer- 
tain memorials. 
In closing these remarks let me say that 
I am well aware of the broad nature of 
this subject and it is a difficult matter to 
evolve exact methods to meet conditions 
such as may exist in the various localities. 
Only by careful study and knowledge of 
the sentiment of the public in such mat- 
ters can the superintendent formulate his 
course. Progress may be slow in the be- 
ginning, but with tireless efforts, tact and 
vigilance he can hope to attain and realize 
his ambition to elevate the cemetery to 
a place of perpetual attractiveness and 
beauty. 
TYPES OF PARKWAYS AND BOULEVARDS 
From a report on a proposed system of parks for Essex County, 
N. ]., by Olmsted Brothers, Landscape Architects, Brookline, Mass. 
Parkways may be classed under two 
heads — Formal Parkways or Boulevards, 
and Informal Parkways. The word Park- 
way is applied to both, but formal park- 
ways are very generally known in this 
country as Boulevards, notwithstanding 
that in France, where the term originated, 
boulevards are either formal or informal, 
although formal boulevards are much more 
usual and far better known. The name 
was derived from the Dutch or German 
‘‘bollwerk,” the equivalent of the English 
‘‘bulwark,’’ meaning, in military engineer- 
ing, an earthwork with a broad platform 
for artillery. It was often constructed im- 
mediately outside the old city wall, partly 
because there was not space on top of the 
wall for the increasingly large cannon and 
partly to protect the wall from being bat- 
tered down by the enemies’ artillery. As 
cities grew larger they extended beyond 
these circumferential fortifications and new 
fortifications were constructed further 
from the center. The very wide space oc- 
cupied by the abandoned fortifications, be- 
ing public land, was not infrequently laid 
out by engineers with a single or double 
avenue with gardens or grass plats with 
trees, and the surplus divided into lots and 
streets. The circumferential avenue thus 
originated on the boulevard (or bulwark) 
naturally became known generically by that 
designation. The very evident elegance and 
spaciousness which distinguished these im- 
provements made them attractive for high- 
class residences, which in turn led to high 
land prices. Consequently, similar wide 
avenues came to be laid out in various di- 
rections in the city. The latter sort were 
encouraged by Napoleon to facilitate the 
use of artillery by his soldiers to suppress 
possible mobs hence his engineers laid them 
out wide and straight from one public build- 
ing or square to another, an arrangement 
which had such obvious esthetic advan- 
tages that it was adopted by L’Enfant in pre- 
paring his plan for the city of Washington. 
Formal boulevards are generally pre- 
ferred to informal parkways by the real 
estate men because they require less land 
and because they combine easily with the 
usual rectangular subdivision with its 
gratifying implication of ultimate high city 
values of lots, and by the civil engineer 
because they are easy in planning, draught- 
ing and surveying, and by both because the 
idea is common and comes to mind easily 
and avoids the subtleties of informal park- 
ways. 
In general, the formal boulevard is more 
appropriate amidst distinctly citified con- 
ditions, while the informal or landscape 
parkway is decidedly more pleasing and 
appropriate amidst suburban or rural sur- 
roundings, where it is often feasible to 
preserve beautiful groves, brooks, ponds or 
other picturesque landscape features. 
Boulevards may be subdivided into three 
classes, namely, those having a single drive- 
way, those having two driveways, and 
those having three driveways. 
An ordinary street may become a boule- 
vard of the first sort by simply putting it 
in charge of a park commission, who cus- 
tomarily adopt regulations excluding com- 
mercial traffic and provide and maintain a 
smooth driveway and a row of trees in 
each of the two sidewalks. Such street 
boulevards are rarely less than sixty feet 
wide, not infrequently eighty feet wide, but 
most often one hundred feet wide. Nar- 
row, commonplace street parkways are not, 
as a rule, worth to a park commission 
what they cost, unless they are needed as 
approaches to or connections between 
parks or important public buildings and 
where wider boulevards cannot be afford- 
ed. If not so needed, a park commission 
should, as a matter of park finances, be 
exceedingly cautious about accepting or 
creating such street-like boulevards, unless 
the whole cost of improvement and main- 
tenance is to be collected from the owners 
of real estate directly benefited. Other- 
wise, money urgently needed for park pur- 
poses will have to be diverted to what is 
practically little more than street work. In 
fact, in a great majority of cases the prin- 
cipal motive of petitioners for boulevards 
one hundred feet or less in width is that 
of shifting the financial burden from them- 
selves to the general tax levy. 
The most luxurious type of single drive- 
way boulevard, many examples of which 
exist, has a width of one hundred and fifty 
feet, of which fifty feet is driveway and 
the remainder in two borders each of 
fifty feet wide, upon each of which are 
two rows of trees with a paved walk be- 
tween them. If houses are set well back 
and if there are comparatively few pri- 
vate drives crossing the grass borders, this 
form of boulevard is strikingly handsomer 
and more luxurious than the narrower 
street-like boulevards. 
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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OP RAPID TRANSIT BOULEVARD, 400 FEET WIDE. 
