278 
marble or granite is, it will never be 
black when the light can strike it. It 
could be black only when no light 
strikes it. When in the light, one side 
is always lighter than the other, and 
there are always small places where the 
light is strongest that are very light. 
Dark Quincy granite when in the ceme- 
tery is about the color of Fig. 6, which 
shows that there is some light and air 
around it. When this is drawn in that 
manner with a light colored landscape 
around it to represent sunlight, good re- 
sults are obtained in contrast, which 
makes the stone show to good advan- 
tage. 
Fig. 7 is a pile of stone that someone 
has placed in a cemetery. Then it was 
photographed and reproduced in a de- 
sign book. The curious thing about this 
is that someone has been trying to make 
decoration by placing the rock in differ- 
ent points, “large and small,” over the 
elliptical panel. In contrast to this is 
Fig. 8, which has well proportioned 
parts and simple decoration. There is 
much less labor to design this than the 
other. The reason is its simplicity. All 
that is required when the stone has been 
squared up is to cut a very simple curved 
top and simple flowing decoration, and 
a well proportioned base. To look at 
Fig. 7 one would think all new forms 
of design had been used and the de- 
signer was striving for something lost 
and could find it only in the rough rock. 
The originator of Fig. 9 certainly did 
something different, and it surely is orig- 
inal in its ugliness. The idea of cutting 
a column at a corner of a chunk of rock 
is surely new to all principles of design. 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
The rock would probably have looked 
better in its natural state as it came 
from the quarry. Fig. 10 would cost 
very litle more than the one with the 
column. It should not take a man very 
long to learn how to draw such a sim- 
ple form as the die of this monument, 
but it does take a great deal of an edu- 
cation with your eyes to know how to 
keep it in good proportion, so that it will 
look good when placed on a base or 
bases; two bases would look better than 
one, and one base must be higher than 
the other and the contour different at 
the bevels; this insures contrast of line. 
A simple decoration like this could be 
carved quickly and properly done. 
Fig. 11 is one of those common grave- 
yard things with a large sausage on top 
to hold it down. This has been on the 
market for years because it is so cheap! 
About the same amount of stone has 
been used in Fig. 12 and the same num- 
ber of pieces, but here a base has been 
used instead of the sawed-off column. It 
is placed upon a bottom base to give the 
die a more substantial support. The die 
is simple in contour and decoration. 
One general suggestion for improving 
such stock forms as these is to quit try- 
ing to make ocean waves on the stone. 
Cut all this off and try to make long, 
simple decorative lines that will be in 
keeping with the contour of the monu- 
ment. Forget how leaves and flowers 
grow naturally and place them more 
conventionally in a manner that is sim- 
ple and easy to cut. Think more of 
beauty of line and less of the carver's 
work. Design every form and line with 
simplicity, neatness and beauty. 
building of the foundations. The cost of 
same must be paid in advance. 
O. C. Simonds, 
Chicago, 111. Graceland Cemetery. 
Following are the rules for stone work 
in Graceland Cemetery: 
1. No stone work of any kind shall be admit- 
ted to the cemetery, or foundation built for the 
same, until a design for such work shall hare 
been submitted to the Superintendent and ap- 
proved by him. 
For headstones or footstones, a sketch on the 
back of the foundation order will be deemed suf- 
ficient; for monuments, designs drawn to a scale 
must be furnished, accompanied by a certificate 
signed by the lot-owner and contractor stating 
that so far as they know the design submitted is 
not a duplicate of any now in the cemetery. 
The above rule is made to save stone-cutters 
the loss which they would otherwise suffer from 
executing a design not in accordance with the rules 
of the cemetery. 
2. Mausoleums can be built only when the de- 
signs and locations for them have been approved 
by the Board of Managers. 
3. All foundations shall be built by the Ceme- 
tery Company. They must be ordered fifteen days 
before needed, and must be paid for in advance. 
The charge for foundations will be 35 cents per 
cubic foot with a minimum price of $3.00 per 
foundation. An extra charge of 5 cents per cubic 
foot will lx? made for foundations built when the 
ground is frozen. 
4. No coping, or any kind of lot or grave en- 
closure, or stejjs to lots, will be admitted to the 
cemetery. 
Corner posts for lots are furnished and set by 
the cemetery company, at the expense of the lot- 
owner. 
5. In certain portions of the cemetery no monu- 
ments will be permitted. These portions at pres- 
ent are: Maplewood Section, lots 76 to 111 Re- 
subdivision of Section M, lots 38 to 41 and 53 to 
109 Fairlawn Section, and lots 465 to 524 and 
764 to 789 Bellevue Section, all inclusive, and all 
small lots in other sections, and the single graves. 
On lots 533 to 561, 574 to 599, 611 to 633, 643 
to 665, 674 to 697, 706 to 729, and 736 to 819, 
inclusive, Bellevue Section, monuments when al- 
lowed, must not exceed eight feet in height. 
6. When not otherwise provided, grave mark- 
ers even with the ground will be admitted pro- 
viding they are not more than 30 inches wide, 
not less than 6 inches, nor more than 15 inches 
thick. 
Exceptions may be made to this rule on lots 
where there are existing markers which have 
been admitted in accordance with the last pre- 
vious rules adopted by the Board of Managers. 
For single graves, markers must not exceed the 
width of the grave — 18 inches for children’s and 
30 inches for adults’ graves, and must be level 
with the ground. 
In no part of the cemetery will more than one 
marker be allowed at a grave. 
7. No monument or grave marker shall be con- 
structed of other material than cut stone or real 
bronze. 
No monument or grave marker will be admitted 
which is cut in imitation of a log or stump, or of 
any other object which would itself not be al- 
lowed to remain in the cemetery. 
8. Persons engaged in erecting monuments or 
other structures are not permitted to attach ropes 
to other monuments, or to trees, or to scatter ma- 
terial over adjacent lots or to leave the same on 
the ground longer than is absolutely necessary. 
They are required to set their work as soon as 
possible after it enters the cemetery, and will be 
held responsible for any damage done to the grass, 
trees, or any object whatsoever in the cemetery, 
and must be subject to the control and direction 
of the superintendent. On Saturdays and on the 
day before Decoration Day. no material of any 
kind will be admitted to the cemetery after twelve 
o’clock at noon. 
9. The managers reserve the right to make ex- 
ceptions to the foregoing rules in favor of de- 
signs which they consider exceptionally artistic 
and ornamental, and such exceptions shall not be 
construed as repealing any rules. 
The superintendent is directed to enforce the 
foregoing regulations, and to exclude from the 
cemetery any person wilfully violating the same. 
10. Special rules for certain sections may be 
made at any time hereafter by the board of man- 
ASKED AND ANSWERED 
An exchange of experience on practical matters by our readers. You 
are invited to contribute questions and answers to this department 
Monument Foundations. 
Editor Asked and Answered : Can you 
inform me what cemeteries, if any, require 
or permit the foundations for monuments 
to be about two inches smaller than the 
base, the idea being to insure a good 
growth of grass? Do most cemeteries re- 
quire a foundation six feet deep for a 
grave cover six or eight inches thick? If 
a foundation is required to be the full size 
of the base when the wash is five or six 
inches, should it still be full size when the 
w’ash is made ten or twelve inches? — K. 
W., Ia. 
I do not know of any cemeteries per- 
mitting foundations to be two inches 
smaller than the base of a monument, but 
there may be such. Graceland requires all 
foundations to be not less than five feet 
deep on account of frost. Where the 
weight is not very great, five feet is con- 
sidered sufficient, but where the weight is 
excessive, as with a tall obelisk, a depth of 
six feet may be required. Our theory is 
that the foundation should be the same 
size at the top as the base of a monument 
or headstone. The reason for this is that 
frost might raise the base if it projected 
over the foundation and the width of the 
wash on the base would make no differ- 
ence. 
I enclose a copy of “Rules for Stone 
Work,” but the rule regarding sizes of 
foundations is not stated. In the general 
rules contained in the deed, however, it is 
provided that “each foundation must be of 
the same width and length as the stone 
resting upon it and must be built so that 
such foundation shall not project above 
the surface of the ground and must ex- 
tend as low as the bottom of the grave. 
All foundations shall be built by the com- 
pany at the expense of the lot owner and 
fifteen days’ notice must be given for the 
