338 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
is to be obtained, especially where the soil 
is to be hauled from the country to the city 
for the establishing of good lawns, parks 
or other public grounds. 
The chief factors in this difference in 
soils has been brought about by the forma- 
tions of soils from different geologic ma- 
terials acted upon by different natural 
agencies, such as climate, humid, arid, 
semiarid; glaciers; wind; water- — lake, 
ocean, and river. Due to such great dif- 
ferences in the soil-forming agencies, up- 
ward of 700 individual soil types have been 
found by soil surveys in the United States. 
These fall naturally into larger groups 
known as soil series, and these, again, into 
still larger divisions known as soil prov- 
inces. 
The question of what soil is best suited 
for the purpose of hauling in as a lawn 
soil is a very broad one and is naturally a 
local problem. In the following list are 
given the soil types, which, in the states 
mentioned, are prominent grass soils, and 
may, therefore, be suggestive of the kind 
of soil to be used in those localities where 
they occur. For a detailed description of 
these soil types, together with maps show- 
ing their location, the reader is referred to 
bulletins from the Bureau of Soils, and the 
respective reports of the areas in the indi- 
vidual states as far as they have been sur- 
veyed. 
Clays — Hagerstown clay, Alabama, Ken- 
tucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, 
West Virginia; Cecil clay, Alabama, Geor- 
gia, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylva- 
nia, South Carolina, Virginia ; Porter’s clay, 
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Caro- 
lina, Virginia, West Virginia. ; Houston 
clay, Alabama, Kansas, Mississippi, Texas; 
Upshur clay, New York, Ohio, West Vir- 
ginia; Vergennes clay, New York, Ver- 
mont; Vergennes black clay, New York, 
Vermont; Dunkirk clay, New York, Ohio; 
Decatur clay, Tennessee. 
Clay Loams- — Decatur clay loam, Ala- 
bama, Tennessee, Virginia; Dunkirk clay 
SERIOUS D I 
The alarming character of the white pine 
blister rust and the economic loss which it 
threatens in the Northeastern and Western 
United States are sharply emphasized by 
four recent serious outbreaks on pine trees 
and currant bushes in Massachusetts and 
New York, says the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. This disease was in- 
troduced on imported white pine nursery 
stock and first appeared at Geneva, N. Y., 
in 1906. 
In 1909 extensive importations of dis- 
eased white pine nursery stock were lo- 
cated and destroyed in New York and other 
Eastern states, and warnings were issued 
broadcast against further importation of 
white pine from Europe. In spite of these 
warnings importation continued even from 
loam, Michigan, New York, Ohio; Cecil 
clay loam, Alabama, Georgia, North Caro- 
lina; Hudson clay loam, New York; Wick- 
ham clay loam, Virginia ; Cumberland clay 
loam, Virginia; Brooke clay loam, West 
Virginia. 
Silt Loams — Marshall silt loam, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, 
Wisconsin ; Dekalb silt loam, Alabama, In- 
diana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ten- 
nessee, Virginia, West Virginia ; Memphis 
silt loam, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee; Sassa- 
fras silt loam, Delaware, Maryland, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania; Norfolk silt loam, 
Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Virginia; Lintonia silt loam, Illinois, In- 
diana, Kentucky, Mississippi ; Hagerstown 
silt loam, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vir- 
ginia; Knox silt loam, Illinois, Indiana, 
Wisconsin, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Ne- 
braska; Volusia silt loam, Indiana, New 
York, Ohio ; Wheeling silt loam, Ohio, 
West Virginia; Lansdale silt loam, Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia ; Houston silt loam, Ala- 
bama, Virginia; Tyler silt loam, West Vir- 
ginia ; Penn silt loam, Pennsylvania ; Dutch- 
ess silt loam. New York; Birdsboro silt 
loam, Pennsylvania; Upshur silt loam, Vir- 
ginia; Oktibbeha silt loam, Mississippi. 
Loams — Hagerstown loam, Alabama, Ken- 
tucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia; 
Chester loam, Maryland, Pennsylvania, 
Virginia, West Virginia ; Dekalb loam, 
Alabama, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, West 
Virginia; Penn loam, Maryland, New Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania, Virginia; Greenville 
loam, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Missis- 
sippi ; Upshur loam, Alabama, Pennsyl- 
vania ; Cumberland loam, Kentucky, Ten- 
nessee, Virginia; Sassafras loam, Mary- 
land, New York; Decatur loam, Alabama, 
Tennessee; Vergennes loam, New York, 
Vermont; Holston loam, Alabama, Ten- 
nessee; Volusia loam, New York, Ohio; 
Talledega loam, North Carolina, Virginia; 
Dover loam, New York; Wickham loam, 
Virginia; Fishkill loam, New York. 
S E A S E OF 
the particular nursery in Germany which 
was definitely known to be the main source 
of disease, until finally, in 1912, all such 
importation was stopped by federal action. 
The white pine blister rust affects the 
Eastern white pine, the Western white 
pine, the sugar pine, and indeed all of the 
so-called five-leaf pines, producing cankers 
on the stems and branches, killing young 
trees and maiming and disfiguring old ones. 
It also produces a leaf disease of currant 
and gooseberry bushes. The fungus caus- 
ing the disease must live for a part of its 
life on pine trees and part of its life on 
currants and gooseberries. The disease 
cannot spread from one pine tree to an- 
other, but must pass first to currant bushes 
and then back- to pine. 
Fine Sandy Loams — Norfolk fine sandy 
loam, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Texas, Virginia; Orangeburg fine sandy 
loam, Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Geor- 
gia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, 
South Carolina, Texas; Susquehanna fine 
sandy loam, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, Texas; Dunkirk fine sandy 
loam, Indiana, New York, Ohio, Wiscon- 
sin ; Sassafras fine sandy loam, Maryland, 
New Jersey; Wheeling fine sandy loam, 
Ohio, West Virginia ; Cumberland fine 
sandy loam, Alabama, Kentucky; Green- 
ville fine sandy loam, Alabama, Louisiana; 
Dover fine sandy loam, New York. 
Sandy Loams — Hagerstown sandy Aoam, 
Alabama, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vir- 
ginia, West Virginia; Cecil sandy loam, 
Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Virginia ; Carrington sandy loam, 
Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, 
South Dakota; Sassafras sandy loam, Del- 
aware, Maryland, Virginia; Collington 
sandy loam, Maryland, New Jersey; 
Greenville sandy loam, Alabama, Florida ; 
Superior sandy loam, Wisconsin ; Tifton 
sandy loam, Georgia. 
The ideal soil for grasses best suited for 
lawn making is one which is moderately 
moist and contains a considerable percent- 
age of clay — a soil which is somewhat re- 
tentive of moisture, but never becomes ex- 
cessively wet, and is inclined to be heavy 
and compact rather than light, loose and 
sandy. A strong clay loam or a sandy 
loam underlaid by a clay subsoil is un- 
doubtedly the nearest approach to an ideal 
soil for a lawn ; it, therefore, should be the 
aim in establishing a lawn to approach as 
near as possible to one or the other of 
these types of soil. In many localities it 
will, however, be very difficult to produce 
by any artificial means at one’s command 
a soil which will approach in texture either 
of the types recommended. Our efforts 
should, nevertheless, be directed to attain- 
ing as closely as possible these ideals. 
In Europe the disease has made the cul- 
ture of American white pine impracticable 
in England, Denmark and Holland, and has 
seriously handicapped its cultivation in 
Germany. Since the trees which it attacks 
include three of the most important tim- 
ber trees of the United States, the loss 
which this disease will produce if un- 
checked is very great. Fortunately, the 
disease is not now known to be present 
west of Buffalo, N. Y., but if it is not 
checked in the Eastern states its ultimate 
spread to the vast forests of the Rocky 
Mountains and the Pacific Coast is certain. 
The disease now occurs in three localities 
in New Hampshire, two in Vermont, ten 
in Massachusetts, two in Connecticut, five 
PINE TREES 
