POPULATION OF THE WORLD.— COIN OF THE REALM. 479 
from it. To have the head downwards, and feet upwards, is to place 
the body in a direction of gravity tending from the feet to the head : 
but this cannot be supposed with regard to the Antipodes ; for they, 
as well as we, tend toward the centre of the earth, in a direction from 
head to foot.^ 
Population of the World. 
According to a Statistical ^Chart published in a Neapolitan 
Journal, the universal population of the Globe is 632 millions, thus 
subdivided : — 172 millions in Europe ; 330 millions in Asia ; 70 
millions in Africa ; 40 millions in America ; and 20 millions in the 
other parts. 
Estimate by approximation. — In Europe : Births, per annum, 
6,271,370 ; per diem, 17,453 ; hour, 727 ; minute, 62 ; second 1, 
Deaths per annum, '5,058,822 ; per diem, 13,860; hour, 577; 
minute, 66 ; second, 1. 
In the entire universe — Births, per annum, 23,407,407 ; per diem, 
64,130 ; hour, 2,672 ; nunute, 148 ; second, 8. 
Deaths per annum, 18,588,235 ; per diem, 50,927 ; hour, 2,122; 
minute, 125; second, 7. 
Persons arrived at the age of one hundred. — In 1800, according 
to Larrey, there were at Cairo 35 individuals who had attained to the 
age of 100 and upwards. In Spain, in the last age, were to be seen 
at St. Jean de Page, a town in Galicia, 13 old persons, the youngest 
of whom was 110, and the oldest 127 ; their ages together made 1499 
years. England is generally accounted to contain 3 100 individuals 
of 100 years old. At the commencement of the present century, there 
were in Ireland 41 individuals from the age of 95 to 104, in a popu- 
lation of only 47,000 souls. In Russia, amongst 892,642 dead, in 
1814, there were 3531 individuals of from 100 to 132 years of age. 
In Hungary, the family of Jean Rovin has furnished the example of 
the most extraordinary longevity. The father lived 172 years, his 
wife 164 years ; they were married for 142 years, and the youngest 
of their children was 115. 
Daniel Bernauli calculated that the inoculation of the small-pox 
has been the means of prolonging human life by three years, and the 
new observations of Duvillard gave the same result from vaccination. 
Coin of the Realm 
The Pound, called sterling, was first ordered by William the 
Conqueror, in 1073, to be considered as the measure of value, and 
all sums to be multiples, or parts of the pound. — The money was 
then silver. 
Gold was first coined by Edw. III. in 1345, and consisted of Florins, 
which were 13s. 4d. or two-thirds of the pound. 
In 1395, gold Nobles, worth 6s. 8d., or one-third of the pound, 
were coined. 
In 1423, gold Reals, worth 10s. or half the pound, were struck. 
In 1510, gold Sovereigns, worth 22s. were coined ; and in 1550, 
