648 
CELESTINS. 
from Marseilles ; and thus, the number of their monasteries increasing”, 
they held their European general chapter in 1245, at their monastery 
of Aylesford, in England. This order is so much increased, that it 
has at present thirty-eight provinces, besides the congregation of Man- 
tua, in which are fifty-four monasteries, under a vicar general ; and the 
congregation of Barefooted Carmelites in Italy and Spain, which have 
their peculiar generals. 
After the establishment of the Carmelites in Europe, their rule was 
in some respects altered ; the first time by pope Innocent IV. who 
added to the first article a precept of chastity, and relaxed the ele- 
venth, w'hich enjoins abstinence at all times from flesh, — permitting 
them, when they travelled, to eat boiled flesh. He likewise allowed 
them to eat in a common refectory, and to keep asses and mules for 
their use. The rule was again mitigated by the popes Eugenius IV. 
and Pius II. Hence the order is divided into two branches, viz. 
the Carmelites of the ancient observance, called the Moderate, or 
Mitigated ; and those of the strict observance, who are the Barefooted 
Carmelites. A reform was set on foot in 1540, by S. Theresa, a nun of 
the convent of Avila, in Castile ; these last are divided into two con- 
gregations, — that of Spain, and that of Italy. 
The habit of the Carmelites was at first white, and the cloak laced 
at the bottom with several other lists. But pope Honorius IV. com- 
manded them to change it for that of the Minims. Their scapulary is 
a small woollen habit of a brow n colour, thrown over their shoulders. 
They wear no linen shirts, but instead of them linsey-woolsey, which 
thev change twice a week in the summer, and once a week in the 
winter. If a monk of this order violates his vow of chastity, he is 
prohibited saying mass for three or four years, is declared infamous, 
and obliged to discipline himself publicly once a week. If he is 
again guilty of the same fault, his penance is doubled ; and if a third 
time, he is expelled the order. 
Celestins. 
A RELIGIOUS order, so called from their founder, pope Celestin V. 
After the death of this pope, his order made great progress in Italy 
and France, w'hither the then general, Peter of Tivoli, sent twelve 
religious, at the request of Philip the Fair, who gave them two monas - 
teries ; one in the forest of Orleans, and the other in that of Com- 
peigne. This order likewise passed into several provinces of Ger- 
many. They had about ninety-six convents in Italy, and twenty-one 
in France, under the title of priories, before the late revolution. 
The Celestins rise two hours after midnight, to say matins. They 
eat no flesh, except when sick. They fast every Wednesday and 
Friday, from Easter to the feast of Exaltation of the Holy Cross, and 
from the feast to Easter every day. Their habit consists of a white 
gown, a capuche, and a black scapulary. In the choir, and when 
they go out of the monastery, they wear a black cowl with the ca- 
puche ; their shirts are of serge. 
