ORGANS. 
573 
reign of Elizabeth, is evident from the following passage ii the first 
part of Eynes Morison’s Itinerary, p. 208, where, speaking of his 
bargain with the patron of the vessel which conveyed him from Venice 
to Constantinople, he says, “ We agreed with the master himself, who, 
for seven gold crowns by the month, paid by each of us, did courte- 
ously admit us to his table, and gave us good diet, serving each man 
with his knife, and spoone, and his forke to hold the meat while he 
cuts it, for they hold it ill manners that one should touch the meat 
with his hand; he also has a glass or cup to drink in peculiar to himself.” 
Still farther, Thomas Croyate, who travelled in 1608, after describing 
with no small solemnity the manner of using forks, “in all parts of 
Italy adds, “ Hereupon I myself thought good to imitate the Italian 
fashion by this forked cutting of meat, not only while I was in Italy, 
but also in Germany, and oftentimes in England since I came home/’ 
Thus they seem to have been introduced into Britain. 
Organs. 
That organs are the invention of remote antiquity, is generally 
allowed ; but the particular time and country in which the discovery 
was made, are uncertain. In ancient authors there are various passages 
where mention is made of the organ, but it was probably an instru- 
ment v^ry different from that which now goes by this name. It 
appeals indeed to have been borrowed by the Latins from the Greeks, 
but not to have been in general use till the eighth century. Vitruvius 
describes an organ in his 10th book, and St. Jerome mentions one 
with twelve pair of bellows, which might be heard 1000 paces, or a 
mile, off, and another at Jerusalem, which might be heard at the 
Mount of Olives. It has been affirmed, that in France it was not 
known till the time of Lewis 1. A. D. 815, when an Italian priest 
taught the use and construction of it, which he had learned at Con- 
stantinople. By some, however, it has been carried as far back as 
Charlemagne, and by others as far as Pepin. Bellarmine says that the 
organ began to be used in the service of the church about a. d. 660. 
Ammonius thinks, however, that this was after a. d. 820, in the time 
of Lewis the Pious. The learned Bingham, in his Origines Sacrae, 
affirms that organs were not used till after the time of Thomas 
Aquinas, and he adds these words: “Our church does not use mu- 
sical instruments, as harps and psalteries, to praise God withal, that 
she may not seem to Judaize ” Hence it has been concluded by 
the learned Gregory, that they were not used in churches in his time, 
about A. D. 1250. 
It appears^ however, from the testimony of Gervas, the monk of 
Canterbury, who flourished A. d. 1200, that organs were introduced 
upwards of 100 years even before that time. If Gervas’s authority 
be held good, it will countenance a pretty general opinion, that, 
in Italy, Germany, and England, they became frequent about the 
tenth century. But it is very certain that the use of the organ was 
very common in the latter ages of the church, and the propriety of it 
was undisputed. In the seventeenth century, however, during the 
civil wars, organs w^^re removed from the churches in England, and 
