INVENTION OV CLOifKS. 
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wasbing very well, especially their blues, which are inferior to none. 
The implements of their forges are very simple. The bellows consists 
of two bags of rough goat’s skin, with a stick of about three feet in 
length, fixed perpendicularly to each, and also a horizontal tube (an 
old gun-barrel) to convey the air from the bag, through a little clay 
party-wall, to the fire. While the smith is at w'ork, a boy holds a 
stick in each hand, blowing the fire with alternate puffs, so that the 
air is expelled and drawn in by turns through the tw'o pipes, there 
being no other communication with the bags. In this way they con- 
trive to make a welding heat, and fabricate not only the necessary 
implements of husbandry, but carpenter’s tools, cutlasses, spears, and 
other w'eapons. The anvil is of stone, or an old iron cannon ; and 
the hammer is a thick piece of rounded iron, of about a foot in length, 
whieh they hold by one end. Besides blacksmiths, there are a sort 
of braziers or silversmiths, who make manillas or bracelets, handles 
to cutlasses, rings for the fingers, and other trinkets of brass or silver, 
which they melt in crucibles of their own making. 
Invention of Clocks. 
The invention of clocks with wheels is ascribed to Pacificus, arcli- 
deacon of Verona, who lived in the time of Lew is the Debonnair, on 
the credit of an epitaph quoted by Ughelli, and borrowed by him from 
Pauvinius. They were at first called hocturnal dials, to distinguish 
them from sun-dials, which shewed the hour by the sun’s shadow. 
Others ascribe the invention to Boethius, about A. D. 510. M. Den- 
ham makes clock-work of a much older standing ; and ranks Archi- 
medes’ s}>here mentioned by Claudian, and that of Posidonius 
mentioned by Cicero, among the machines of this kind : not that 
either their form or use was the same with those of ours, but that 
they had their motion from some hidden weights or springs, their 
wheels or pulleys, or some such clock-work principle. But be this 
as it may, it is certain the art of making clocks, such as are now used, 
was either first invented, or at least revived, in Germany, about two 
hundred years ago. 
The clepsydrae, or w^ater-clocks, and sun-dials, have a much better 
claim to antiquity. The French annals mention one of the former 
kind sent by Aaron, khalif of Persia, to Charlemagne, about a. d. 807, 
which seemed to bear some resemblance to modern clocks. It w'as 
of brass, and shewed the hours by twelve little balls of the same 
ihetal, which fell at the end of each hour, and in falling struck a bell 
and made it sound. There were also figures of twelve cavaliers, which 
at the end of each hour came forth at certain apertures or windows 
in the sides of the clock, and shut them again, &c. 
The invention of pendulum clocks is owing to the happy industry 
of the last age ; the honour of it is disputed by Huygens and Galileo. 
The former, who has written a volume on the subject, declares it w'as 
first put in practice in 1657, and the description thereof printed in 
1658. Becher, de Nova Temporis Diraetiendi Theoria, A. D. 1680, 
contends for Galileo, and relates, though at second-hand, the Avhole 
history of the invention; adding, that one Tresler, clock-maker to the 
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