BUCEPHALUS. 447 
Gatlielus the son of Cecrops, king of Athens, who married Scota, the 
daughter of Pharaoh, king of Egypt in the time of Moses. 
Bucephalus. 
This was the name of the horse of Alexander the Great, which was 
killed in the action with Porus, after crossing that river. Others say, 
this horse died of age, thirty years old ; and not in the battle, but 
some time after. Hesychius says, his being marked on the buttock 
with the head of a horse, gave rise to his name. This animal, which 
had so long shared the toils and dangers of his master, had formerly 
received signal marks of royal regard. Having disappeared in the 
county of Uxii, Alexander issued a proclamation, commanding his 
horse to be restored, otherwise he would ravage the whole country 
with fire and sword. This command was immediately obeyed. So 
dear,” says Arrian, was Bucephalus to Alexander, and so terrible 
was Alexander to the barbarians.” 
History of Bakers. 
The learned are in great doubt about the time when bakers were 
first introduced, and baking became a particular profession. It is, 
however, generally agreed that they had their rise in the East, and 
passed from Greece to Italy, after the war with Pyrrhus, about the 
year of Rome 558. Till then, every housewife was her own baker ; 
for the word pistor, which we find in Roman authors before that time, 
signified a person who ground or pounded the grain in a mill or mor^ 
tar, to prepare it for baking, as Varro observes. According to Athe- 
naeus, the Cappadocians were the most applauded bakers, after them 
the Lydians, then the Phoenicians. 
To the foreign bakers brought into Rome were added a number 
of freedmen, who were incorporated into a body, or, as they called 
it, a college, from which neither they nor their children were allowed 
to withdraw. They held their effects in common, and could not dis-^ 
pose of any part of them. Each bakehouse had a patroness, who had 
the superintendency ; and these patroni elected one out of their number 
each year, who had superintended once over all the rest, and who had the 
care of the college. Out of the body of the bakers, now and then 
one was admitted among the senators. To preserve honour and ho- 
nesty in the college of bakers, they were expressly prohibited all alli- 
ance with comedians and gladiators : each had his shop or bakehouse, 
and they were distributed into fourteen regions of the city. They were 
excused from guardianship and other offices, which might divert 
them from their employment. 
By statute 22 Hen. VHI. c. 13, bakers are declared not to be han- 
dicrafts. No man, for using the mysteries or sciences of baking, 
brewing, surgery, or writing, shall be interpreted an handicraft. The 
bakers were a brotherhood in England before 1155, in the reign of 
king Henry II. though the white bakers were not incorporated till 1307 
by king Edward III. and the brown bakers not till 1621, in king 
James I.’s time. The bakers of London make the nineteenth com- 
