THE PIPITS. 
I03 
plumage and more Lark-like appearance. The secondary 
quills are elongated and of about the same length as the 
primaries, and, in the style of plumage, the Pipits resemble 
the Larks, but in the formation of the wings and also in the 
curious “ dipping ” motion of the tail, they show their close 
relationship with the Wagtails. 
There are five genera of Pipits ; Anthus, with thirty-three 
species; Xanthocorys, from Brazil, with one species; Neocorys, 
from the Upper Missouri and Manitoba in North America, also 
with one species ; Oreocorys, with a single species confined to 
the Himalaya Mountains ; and Macronyx, with five species, 
confined to Africa. The birds of the last-named genus are 
the largest of all Pipits, and are remarkable for the bright 
yellow or pink colour of the breasts, an anomaly amongst 
these plain coloured birds. 
The True Pipits, of the genus Anthus, are found over the 
greater part of both Hemispheres, and are abundant in South 
America, Africa, and the Indian Region generally, extending to 
Australia and New Zealand, but not reaching the islands of 
Oceania. The genus comprises birds of different form and 
habits, and the shape of the hind claw varies almost as much 
as in the Larks, some of the species being frequenters of 
woodland, like our Tree-Pipit, while others are lovers of open 
country, like our Meadow-Pipit. 
THE TREE-PIPIT. ANTHUS TRIVIAI.IS. 
Alauda trivialis , Linn., S. N., i., p. 288 (1766). 
Anthus trivialis. Newt. ed. Yarr., i., p. 569 (1874) ; Dresser, 
B. Eur., iii., p. 309 (1874) ; B. O. U. List Br. B., p. 33 
(*883); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x., p. 543 (1888) ; 
Saunders, Man., p. 123 (1889). 
Anthus arboreus , Macg., Br. B., ii., p. 188 (1839) ; Secb., Br. 
B., ii., p. 219 (1884). 
Adult Male in Summer Plumage. — Above clear sandy-brown, 
streaked with black centres to the feathers ; below sandy-buff, 
the centre of the- breast and abdomen inclining to buffy- 
white, clearer sandy-buff on the under tail-coverts ; the lowir 
throat and fore-neck broadly streaked with black, more 
narrowly on the breast, sides of body, and flanks ; under wing- 
