104 
allen’s naturalist’s library. 
coverts sandy-buff ; median and greater upper wing-coverts 
tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar ; the pattern of 
the outer tail-feathers white, with an oblique dusky-brown mark 
on the inner web ; bill dark-brown, the lower mandible fleshy ; 
feet dark-brown; iris pale-brown. Total length, 6o inches; 
culmen, 0-55; wing, 3-45; tail, 2-55; tarsus, 0-9. 
Adult Female. — Similar to the male, but with narrower streaks 
on the under surface of the body. Total length, 6 inches ; 
wing, 3-45. 
Winter Plumage. — Brighter than in summer, the general tone 
of the plumage richer buff, especially below, where there is a 
more tawny shade. The bird passes through a complete 
moult before leaving its winter quarters, as a pair which we kept 
in confinement through an entire winter moulted in March of 
the following year. 
Note. — The Tree-Pipit can always be distinguished from the other Brit- 
ish species by its curved hind claw, which is not so long as the hind toe itself. 
Range in Groat Britain. — A summer visitor, affecting wooded 
districts, and breeding in most parts of the British Islands ; 
but becoming rarer in the northern portions of Scotland. 
Almost unknown in Ireland. 
Range outside the British Islands. — Breeding throughout the 
greater portions of Central and Northern Europe, and as far 
cast as the Valley of the Yenesei, reaching to lat. 62° in the 
latter country, to about lat. 65° in the Petchora Valley, and to 
69° in Norway. In the Mediterranean countries it is a migrant,, 
though a few are said to breed on the mountains. It winters 
in Africa, and in North-western and Western India. Further 
to the eastward the Tree-Pipit disappears ; but its place is 
taken by a closely allied species, the Indian Tree-Pipit 
( Anthus maculatus ), which inhabits the greater part of Eastern 
Siberia, and ranges west to the Yenesei. Its winter home is 
in the plains of India and Burma, but always on the eastern 
side of the Indian Peninsula. The Indian Pipit closely 
lesembles our own bird, hut is more olive-green in colour, and 
has much larger spots of black on the breast. 
Habits. —At first sight, the present species might easily be 
mistaken for the Common Tit-lark, or Meadow-Pipit, but its 
