THE SHRIKES 
163 
the scapulars externally white, and the lower rump and upper 
tail-coverts somewhat lighter grey, the sides of the rump pure 
white ; wings black, with two white wing-patches, one formed by 
the white bases to the primaries, and the second by the white 
bases of the outer secondaries ; all the latter tipped with white 
and having a considerable amount of white near the base o 
the inner web, some of the ir ner primaries having a small 
white spot at the ends, and the outer pnmar.es narrowly 
fringed with whitish; tail-feathers black, tipped with white, 
this white tip obsolete on the centre feathers, but gradually in- 
creasing in extent towards the outermost, which is also white 
along the outer web ; crown of head like the back, and the 
sides of the neck also grey ; the base of the forehead somewhat 
whiter, and a slight streak of white over the eye j lores eyelid, 
and ear-coverts, black; cheeks and under surface ol bod), 
white, with a faint grey shade on the breast and sides of body ; 
under wing-coverts and quill-lining white; bill black, the base 
of the under mandible lighter ; feet and claws brownish black ; 
iris dark brown. Total length, 9 inches ; oilmen, o'y ; wing, 
4-4; tail, 4-35; tarsus, 1-05. 
Adult Female.— Similar to the male, but with the white 
patches on the wing a trifle smaller. Total length, 8-5 inches; 
wing, 4'5- 
Young. — Differs from the adult in having the scapulars grey 
like the back, the whole of the upper surface being washed 
with brown ; wings as in the adult, but the wing-coverts tipped 
with brown ; lores and ear-covcrts brownish -black ; under sur- 
face of body ashy-whitish, the breast suffused with brown, with 
darker brown margins to the feathers. 
Range in Great Britain.— A winter visitor, having occurred in 
all three kingdoms, and being regularly met with m - ng an 
every cold season. 
Range outside the British Islands — A resident species ill most 
countries of Europe below the Baltic, but a summer visi or 
only to Scandinavia and North Russia, ranging m l le ormcr 
country up to lat. 70° N. Its eastern range, accor mg o r. 
Seebohm, extends to the Ural Mountains and the Riv er o ga, 
whe-e it interbreeds with Pallas’s Grey Shrike, L sibincus in 
the former locality, and with the white- winged Grey bhrike, 
