THE TRUE THRUSHES. 
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the i oth of April, 1883 — a very late sojourn. In winter, it 
gradually spreads over the three kingdoms as the season 
advances, arriving on the east coast from Scandinavia and 
then spreading westwards. 
Range outside the British Islands. — The Redwing breeds through- 
out the greater part of the northern Palsearctic Region, from 
Norway to the valley of the Yenesei, east of which it becomes 
rare. Mr. Seebohm fixes the limit of its breeding range as the 
no° meridian. In Scandinavia it breeds up to the Arctic 
Circle, and in the Petchora Valley up to 68°. Mr. Seebohm 
also found it in the Yenesei Valley, about lat. 71 0 , nesting on 
the ground beyond the limit of forest growth. It has been found 
by Mr. Hartert breeding in Eastern Prussia, and has been said 
to nest in Poland, Austrian Galizia, and in the Harz Mountains. 
To the westward the Redwing breeds in Iceland, and has 
straggled even as far as Greenland ; it has also been known to 
breed on the Faeroe Islands, but all the supposed instances of 
its nesting in England may be set aside as not authenticated. 
In winter the bird wanders far, to the Mediterranean countries 
and North Africa, visiting also Southern Russia, Persia, and 
apparently North-western India, while in Siberia it reaches 
Lake Baikal. 
Habits. — In winter the Redwing is a common object in this 
country, and has all the manners of a Song-Thrush, excepting 
that it is gregarious, arriving in flocks, and remaining in 
parties during the whole of the cold season. These frequent 
the pastures, when there is no snow to prevent their feeding, 
and there they may be seen running along like a Thrush, and 
ever and anon stopping, after a short run, to listen. As a 
rule the Redwings are very shy, and are not easily approached 
in mild weather, as one or two sentinels are posted on the 
topmost branches of the bare trees, and on the smallest alarm 
the whole flock flies up and settles on the top of a tree, 
whence the birds fly off one by one, uttering their single 
whispering note as they go. It is very seldom that they are 
heard to sing in this country. The Redwing suffers much 
from a continuance of cold weather, when the berries, to which 
it turns for food, become exhausted, and numbers perish of cold 
and starvation. They do not thrive on the food placed out for 
