THE DIPPERS OR WATER-OUZELS. 
3 1 1 
iris pale brown, with a ring of black in the middle. Total 
length, 7 inches ; culmen, 0-85 ; wing, 3^55 ; tail, 2-15 ; tarsus, 
1 ' 05 - 
Adult Female. — Like the male in colour, but rather browner, 
and not so ashy on the sides of the body, lotal length, 6'6 
inches ; wing, 3-3. 
Young— More mottled than the adults, the grey feathers of 
the upper surface having blackish margins ; wings blackish, with 
narrow whitish edgings to the coverts and quills; head and 
neck somewhat browner than the back, the feathers margined 
with black ; cheeks and entire under surface of body white, 
with dusky brown or blackish edges to the feathers ; flank 
feathers ashy-grey, with black margins ; under tail-coverts 
blackish, with rufescent streaks and tips. 
Young in Autumn Plumage.— After the first moult the young 
birds much resemble the adults, but are much darker, especi- 
allv the head and neck, which are deep chocolate-brown. The 
rufous on the breast is not so bright, and is more brownish in 
tint ; it is more confined to the breast, and does not extend so 
far on to the abdomen as in the adult bird. 
Range in Great Britain.— A 1 ird of the mountain streams, found 
in Devonshire and Cornwall, as well as Somersetshire, through- 
out Wales, and northward from Derbyshire in suitable locali- 
ties to Scotland, throughout which kingdom it is universally 
distributed, as well as in the Outer Hebrides. In Ireland it is 
also found in the same situations as in England and Scotland. 
To the south-eastern counties of England the Dipper is chiefly 
an occasional visitor, though Mr. Robert Read has recorded his 
finding of the nest in Surrey (Zool., 1893 ; p. 308). 
Range outside the British Islands. — The red-breasted form of 
Dinner which inhabits Great Britain is found within a very 
limited area on the continent of Europe It appears to 
extend over France and Germany in suitable localities only, 
and it is also found in Holland and Belgium. In the Carpa- 
thians and the Alps, as well as in the Pyrenees, it is replaced 
by a race known as C inches albicolhs , which is a paler and 
greyer bird, with the rufous on the breast extending on to the 
abdomen. 
