3 ° 
At.LEN’S naturalist’s LIBRARY. 
Adult Male. -General colour above sooty-brown, shaded with 
ashy-grey ; the mantle conspicuously greyer than tlie back ; 
wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 
quills black, the primaries with brown shafts and a long “ wedge ” 
of white on the inner iveb, gradually diminishing in size on the 
inner primaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers brown, shaded 
with ashy-grey ; the outermost tail-feather white, the next white 
for two-thirds of its length and brown for the terminal third ; 
the next feather white for nearly half its length and brown for 
the terminal half ; the white on the central feathers becoming 
gradually reduced in size and confined to the inner web; croivn 
of head and nape black, with a white frontal band extending 
backwards in a broad streak over the eye; a black stre.ak across 
the lores from the base of the bill to the eye ; cheeks, ear- 
coverts, and entire under surface of body white, including the 
under wing-coverts and axillaries ; “ bill, tarsi, and feet black, 
the inner webs of the latter considerably excised ” {Saunders). 
Total length, 15 inches ; culmen, i'55; wing, lo'o; tail, 6'6; 
tarsus, 0-9. 
Adult Female. — Similar to the male. Total length, 15 inches ; 
wings, 10-4. 
Adult in Winter Plumage. — Similar to the summer plumage, 
but with the lores and crown mottled with white for a short 
time. [Saunders.) 
Young. — Sooty-brown above, the head mottled obscurely with 
dull rufous, with which colour the feathers of the upper surface 
are edged ; these rufous margins gradually fading to white and 
ultimately becoming abraded ; under surface of body light 
dove-grey, whiter on the foce and throat ; under wing- 
coverts while with a grey shade. 
Young in First Winter Plumage. — Rather more ashy than the 
adults, and with conspicuous while or a.shy-white margins to 
the feathers of the back ; the mantle hoary-whitish ; forehead 
and crown white, the hinder crown broadly streaked with 
black ; the nape and hind neck entirely black ; wing-coverts 
brown, the marginal ones black, forming a band. Mr. 
Saunders says that full plumage is not attained till the bird is 
at least two years old. 
