KITTIWAKK CULT,. 
8s 
the inner primaries, and forming a sub-terminal band on the 
fourth and fifth, which have while tips, the band on the latter 
very narrow ; on the sixtii the sub-terminal bar is very narrow 
and often reduced to a spot, and is occasionally entirely absent ; 
rump, upper tail-covcrts, and tail pure white ; head and neck all 
round also pure while, extending on to the upper mantle ; entire 
under surface of body pure white ; bill yellow, with a greenish 
tinge ; tarsi blackish ; toes dark brown. 'I'otal length, i6 inches ; 
culmen, vj ■, wing, i2’4; tail, 475 ; tarsus, i'45- 
Adult Female. — Similar to the male. Total length, i6'o inches ; 
wing, 13-0. 
Adult in Winter. — Differs from the summer plumage in having 
the hinder crown and neck rvashed with the same grey as the 
back ; in front of the eye a shade of dusky grey, and behind 
the ear-coverts a patch of blackish, which extends in a feeble 
degree round the nape, where it nearly forms a collar ; bill more 
olive. 
Young. — Similar to the winter j)lumage of the adult, but with 
black mottlings across the hind neck, forming a more or less 
complete black band ; the marginal wing-coverts and most of 
the lesser wing-coverts black, forming a band down the wing, 
which i .5 continued by the black on the outer webs of the inner 
secondaries ; the primaries with more black on them than in 
the adults, the inner webs with a long white “ wedge,” but the 
black extending along the outer web and for some breadth 
along the inner edge of the shaft ; the fifth and sixth primaries 
with a sub-terminal bar of black, represented sometimes on the 
seventh by a black spot ; tail with a broad black band at the 
end, decreasing towards the outermost feathers. 
Nestling. — Dark grey, more fulvcscent on the nape; white 
below ; toes brown, the webs yellowish. 
Mr. Saunders observes that the birds of Bering Sea and the 
North Pacific are slightly larger than those of the Atlantic 
Ocean, and have a “ little more devcloirment of the usually 
diminutive hind-toe. Sometimes there is a very minute, but 
sharply-pointed, nail on each hind-toe, though often on one only. 
This development is not confined to examples from the North 
Pacific, for it has been found in birds from the British Islands, 
Greenland, and the eastern side of North America,” 
