THE TRUE SWANS. 
247 
black hill. It has long been naturalised in this country, and 
has repeatedly hatched its young in captivity, so that there is 
always a strong probability of the cygnets escaping before they 
can be pinioned. Another North American species which 
has been stated — but on far weaker evidence— to have been 
found at long intervals in the shops of Edinburgh poulterers, 
is C. amcricanus, a bird which is smaller than the VVhoopcr, 
though larger than Bewick’s Swan, which it resembles in 
having patches of small size at the base of the bill, but of a 
deep orange-colour. In the adults of our Whooper and the 
American Trumpeter Swan, the loop of the trachea between 
the walls of the keel of the sternum takes a vertical direction, 
whereas in Bewick’s Swan and in C. americanus the bend is 
horizontal ; but in immature birds these distinctions are less 
marked, and are not absolutely invariable.” 
I. THE WHOOPER SWAN. CYGNUS MUSICUS. 
Anascygmis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 194 (1766 ; pt.). 
Cygnus mtisicus, Macg. Br. B. iv. p. 659 (1852); Dresser, B. 
Eur. vi. p. 433. P'- 4i9. fig- 4 (1880) ; B. O. U. List Br. 
B. p. 120 (1883); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Br. B. iv. p. 308 
(1885); Seebohm, Br. B. iii. p. 480 (1885); Saunders, 
Man. p. 401 (1889); Lilford, Col. Fig. Br. B. part xxv. 
(1893) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 26 (1895). 
(Plale LV. Fig. i.) 
Adult Male.— White all over, with occasionally some ferrugin- 
ous-yellow on the head ; “anterior part of the bill depressed and 
black, the basal part, with the lores, yellow, this colour extend- 
ing forward along each lateral margin of the upper mandible, 
h^ond the openings of the nostrils, which are Hack ; the black 
colour only reaches half-way to the gape ; legs, toes, and their 
membranes black. Total length, about 5 feet ; culnien, 4-2 ; 
wing, 25-5 ; tail, 8-5 j tarsus, 4-2 ” {Salvadori). 
Adult Female. — Similar to the male, but a little smaller. 
Young Birds. — Greyish-brown ; “ beak first of a dull flesh- 
colour, the tip and the lateral margins black, posteriorly black, 
with a' reddish-orange band across the nostrils, and with the 
base and lores pale greenish-white ” ; “feet flesh- 
colour” (^Saunders). 
