THE GADWALI.S. 
273 
Nest. — Although generally carefully concealed, the nest is 
rather loosely made of grass and rashes, and is lined with the 
bird’s own clown. 
Eggs. — From eight to ten or twelve in number, though as 
many as sixteen have been found ; greenish or greenish- 
white in colour, sometimes inclining to buffy-white. Axis, 
2'i-2-35 inches; diam., i'6. 
Down. — Mostly light brown, with whitish thread-like tips, 
but mi.xed with a considerable number of pure white downy 
plumes. 
THE CxADWALLS. GENUS CHAULELASMUS. 
Chaulelasmus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. & N. Amer. p. 56 
(1838). 
Type, C. streperiis (L.) 
Two species only of Gadwall are known, the widely distributed 
C. streperus, and Coues’ Cadwall, C. couesi, which is only 
known from the Fanning Islands. The bill is not so broad as 
in the genus Anas and is shorter than the head, and has no 
fringe of soft membrane near the tip ; the lamellte of the upper 
mandible arc cpiite prominent {Salvadori). 'i’hc colouring of 
the two sexes is not nearly so different as in the generality of 
Ducks. The central tail-feathers scarcely extend beyond the 
lateral ones. 
I. THE GADWALL. CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS. 
Anas strepera, Linn. S. N. i. p. 200 (1766); Saunders, ed. 
Yarr. Br. B. iv. p. 370 (1885); Seebohm, Br. B. iii. p. 
530 (1885) ; Saunders, Man. p. 413 (1889); Lilford, Col. 
Fig. Br. B. part xv. (i8go). 
Querijnedula strepera, Macg. Br. B. v. p. 59 (1852). 
Chaulelasmus streperus, Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 487, pi. 424 
(1873); B. 0 . U. List Br. B. p. 125 (1883); Salvad. 
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 221 (1895). 
Adult Male. — General colour above dusky-brown, the hind- 
neck, mantle, and upper scapulars freckled with wavy bars 
of black and ashy-white ; the lower back darker and scarcely 
freckled ; the rump and upi)er tail coverts velvety-black ; the 
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