PRINGILLID^ AND STOBNIDiE. ANALOGIES. 109 
among trees, and have the bill very strong and entire. 
The second, which is the subtypical, contains the Tana- 
grincB, or tanagers, already alluded to as having a distinct 
notch' at the tip of the upper mandible : these also are 
almost entirely arboreal. 3. The jFTiugillintB, or true 
finches, differ materially from the two former: they 
have generally much smaller, but more perfectly conic, 
bills ; their food consists almost entirely of seedsj and they 
chiefly live upon tlie ground. The fourth includes only 
the larks, or itieAktudvifs: in these the bill is much more 
slender than in any of the preceding, and the hind claw is 
always more or less lengthened. The Alaudinai pass into 
the PyrrhuliniB, or bulfinches, having a very short, thick, 
and swollen bill, much curved above, and whose habits 
lead them to frequent trees. Comparing these subfami- 
lies with those of the Sturnida, the last group we inves- 
tigated, we shall find they represent each other in the 
following manner : — 
Fbingillid^ and SruBNiDiE. — Analogies. 
r< .1 .■ f Typical of their respective circles:! 
OoccothraMtina. J of the bill small or obsolete, f 
Tanagrin^. Pnotch'cd?'* 
Pringillma [ knol)°^ Scaphidurirus. 
Alaudinic. Bill lengthened and slender. Iclerina. 
Pyrrhulim. Bill very short. Agdairus. 
We cannot afford space to enlarge upon such of the 
analogies as are evident j those, for instance, in the 
second, fourth, and fifth lines ; but although there is 
no striking external character shared in common by the 
Fringillinm and the boat-tails (^Scuphidurino!), yet it is 
Wonderful how these two groups represent each other ; for 
the Scaphidurines actually possess that internal bony pro- 
tuberance in the roof of the upper mandible, which so 
peculiarly distinguishes the genus Emberysa from all the 
finches: a character, moreover, which is only found 
in the opposite column among the boat-tails We shall 
