94 
allen’s naturalist’s library. 
Range outside the British Islands. — The Bittern is generally dis- 
tributed throughout Europe and Asia, but does not extend 
very far north, and in many of the southern countries it is 
known chiefly as a migrant, and breeds sparingly. It has not 
been found in Norway, but visits Southern Sweden up to 
about 6o° N. lat. In Russia it is found up to about 62° N. 
lat., but in Eastern Russia and Western Siberia its range does 
not extend beyond 57° and 68° N. lat, respectively. In winter 
it visits North-eastern Africa, India, Burma, and China. 
Habits. — The Bittern is such a shy and retiring bird that 
very little is known of its way of life, as it is an inhabitant of 
the great reed-swamps, where its haunts are difficult to pene- 
trate. Thus it is seldom seen on the wing, and when flushed, 
it flies but a little distance, with a slow and steady flight, its 
head drawn in on its shoulders, and its feet stretched out 
behind in a line with the body. As a rule, it is a solitary bird, 
and is only found in pairs at its breeding-places, but on migra- 
tion it has been noticed in larger numbers, forty or fifty 
being seen on the wing at once. 
Mr. Seebohm writes on the note of this bird, which is so 
often spoken of as “booming”: — “It is far more nocturnal 
than any of the Herons, and the ‘ boom,’ or love-song, of the 
male is heard at all hours of the night during the breeding- 
season, and never in the day. It is a weird, unearthly noise, 
not to be dignified with the name of a note, and may be 
heard at a considerable distance. The bird is so shy that 
the noise is instantly stopped on the slightest alarm. Some 
writers have likened it to the bellowing of a bull, others 
think it resembles the neighing of a horse, while more imagi- 
native ornithologists trace in it a resemblance to their ideal 
conception of demoniac laughter. It consists of two notes, 
one supposed to be produced as the bird inhales, and the 
other as it exhales its breath. Naumann attempts to express it 
on paper by the syllabus ii-prumb, repeated slowly several 
times. The call-note, which is common to both sexes, is a 
hoarse croak, like the ca-ivak of a Night-Heron, or the cry of a 
Raven, and is sometimes heard when the birds are on migra- 
tion ; but the ‘ boom ’ is only heard from the reeds, and as 
it is uttered the bird is said to stand with its neck stretched 
out, and its beak pointing upwards. The Bittern rarely 
