180 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF 
Jenyns, Manual, 1835, 213. Bonaparte, Comp. List, 1838, 49. Schinz. 
Europ. Faun. 1840, i. 326. Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn. 1842, ii. 67, 
Dekay, N. Y. F. 1844, 243, tab. 85, fig. 194, et. tab. 97, fig. 218. Schlegel, 
Rev. Crit. 1844, 88. Gray, Genera, 1849, iii. 579. Degland, Orn. Eur. 
1849, ii. 219. Bonaparte, Rev. Crit. 1850, 185. Parzudaki, Cat. Ois. Eur. 
1859, 14. Meyer, Brit. Birds, 1857, v. 67. Cassin, Gen. Rep. 1858, 715. 
Trivga ferruginea , Brunnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, 53. Vieillot, Nouy. Diet. 1819, 
xxxiv. 466. 
Trivga : cmerea, Brunnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, 53. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790, ii. 733. 
Pennant, Arct. Zool. 1785, 474. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars ii. 673. 
Wilson, Am. Orn. 1813, yii. 36, tab. lvii. fig. 2; id. Ord. Ed. 1829, iii. 
142; id. Brewer. Ed. 1840, 482, fig. 224; ibid. Syn. 725. Lichtenstein, 
Yerz. 1823, 72. Lesson, Man. d’Orn. 1828, ii. 283. Swainson, F. B. A. 
1831, ii. 387. Nuttall, Man. Orn. 1834, ii. 125. 
? Trivga australis , Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars ii. 679. Latham, Ind. Orn 
1790, ii. 737. 
Trivga veevia , Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars ii. 681. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790, 
ii. 732. Pennant, Arct. Zool. 1785, ii. 480. 
Trivga grisea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars. ii. 681. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790, 
ii. 733. 
Trivga islandica , Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars. ii. 682. Latham, Ind. Orn. 
1790, ii. 737. Pennant, Arct. Zool. 1785, ii. 476. Audubon, Orn. Biog. 
1838, iv. 130, tab. 315; id. Syn. 1839, 232; id. Birds Amer. 1842, v. 254, 
tab. 328. Giraud, Birds L. I. 1844, 224. Holboll, Fauna Green. 1846, 38. 
Nilsson, Scand. Faun. 1858, ii. 252. 
Trivga rufa , Wilson, Am. Orn. 1813, vii. 43, tab. lvii. fig. 5 ; id. Ord. Ed. 1829, 
iii. 140; id. Brew. Ed. 1840, 487, fig. 227 ; ibid. Syn. 725. 
Trivga ( Trivga ) canutus 1 Bonaparte, Cat. Met. 1842, 61. 
Trivga ( Trivga ) islandica , Bonaparte, Speech. Comp. 1827, 62. 
Trivga ( Trivga ) rufa , Bonaparte, Obs. Wils. 1825, 93. 
Sp. Char. — Largest of North American Tringece. Bill stout, straight, rather 
longer than the head, upper mandible widely and deeply grooved to the expan- 
sion at tip. ^ Feathers extending on lower mandible much farther than on upper, 
and nearly as far as those between the rami. First primary decidedly longest; 
tail short, nearly even ; legs short, stout; tarsus usually shorter than the bill, 
but much exceeding the middle toe. Adult in spring , Upper parts brownish- 
black, each feather broadly tipped and edged with ashy white, tinged with 
reddish yellow on the scapulars. Rump dark ash, transversely banded with 
dusky ; upper tail coverts white, with transverse sagittate or crescentic 
bars of brownish black. Tail greyish ash, edged with ashy white. Outer 
webs and tips of primaries deep dusky, the inner much lighter. Secondaries 
and coverts greyish ash, broadly edged and tipped with ashy white. Line over 
the eye and entire under parts a uniform deep brownish-red, fading into white 
on the sides posteriorly and the under tail coverts, which latter are marked 
with sagittate spots of dusky. Legs and feet greenish black. Young in autumn. 
Upper parts a uniform dark ash, or cinereous, each feather tipped with ashy or 
pure white, and having a sub-terminal edging of dusky black. Indistinct line 
over the eye, and whole under parts white, more or less tinged with light red- 
dish, and the throat, breast and sides with rather sparse, irregularly disposed 
lines and spots of dusky, which become transverse waved bars on the latter. 
Length 10 5, extent 20*5, wing 6-4, tail 2-7. Bill about 1-4, tarsus 1-2, 
middle toe 1 inch. Tibia bare -6. 
Habitat. — Atlantic coast of North America; Europe. 
This is the largest of the Sandpipers, and, though exceeding all others in the 
variation of plumage to which it is subject, may yet be easily recognized in all 
stages by its generic characters, which differ in some marked particulars from 
those of any other bird of the section. In the above diagnosis are given the 
