236 
THE AVON AND ITS GRAVELS 
Of Elephas primigenius I have found in our gravels the 
following remains : — 
{a) Over twenty true molars, some of which were in a good state 
of preservation. 
(6) Portions of incisors. The tusks were of enormous size and 
only slightly curved. They are badly preserved. 
(c) The proximal end of a tibia. 
(d) The calcaneum. (N.B. — The sides are unequally compressed, 
which is characteristic of this bone as compared with that 
of Elephas antiquus.) 
Range in time. In an important paper by Professor 
Boyd Dawkins on the “ Bange of the Mammoth,” ^ he 
argues that the mammoth was pre-glacial, inter-glacial, 
and post-glacial, but it is still doubtful whether the presence 
of this form in pre-glacial times is proven. Evidence more 
or less convincing, derived from the South of England, 
from Scotland, Cheshire, and the Forest bed of Norfolk 
and Suffolk, points to the probability of its being pre- 
glacial ; but in the first-mentioned cases there is difficulty 
in determining whether the material in which the remains 
were imbedded was as a matter of fact pre-glacial, and in 
the case of the finds from the Forest bed the teeth and bones 
are not found in situ, but are either washed ashore or 
brought up in the dredge. 
Range in space. Remains are abundant in the Midlands 
and on the east coast, less abundant in Ireland and Scot- 
land. They have been found in considerable numbers in 
the river deposits of France, and rarely in those of Spain. 
The mammoth inhabited the district on which Rome now 
stands. It ranged through Germany, but has not been 
found in Scandinavia or Finland ; it was abundant in the 
Urals and Siberia, also in Russian Asia. The remains of 
E. armeniacus link the mammoth with the elephant 
of India, which it very closely resembles in all essential 
points. 
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxv., p. 138 (1879). 
