54 
however, at Avanguez produce fertile seeds in abundance and Henry 
suggests ( Trees of Great Britain, VII. 1908) “that this tree may be a 
true native of Spain, indigenous in the alluvial plains of the great 
rivers now almost deforested.” A dwarf Elm tree with small leaves is 
now usually considered a seedling form of JJlmus campestris (var. vimi- 
nalis). There are forms in cultivation with leaves variegated with 
yellow (var. vilminalis aurea) and with white (var. viminalis margin- 
ata). 
Ulmus nitens. This is perhaps the most variable of Elm trees in 
habit and one of the most widely distributed of the European trees. 
It may be distinguished from Ulmus campestris by its less deeply 
furrowed bark, mostly glabrous branchlets, longer, often obovate 
leaves, lustrous and usually smooth on the upper surface, with peti- 
oles from one-quarter to one-half an inch long. The seeds of this 
tree have been sold for years by European seedsmen under the name 
of Ulmus campestris, and a great many specimens of this Elm have 
been planted in the United States in the last fifty years under that 
name. Ulmus nitens is a common tree in the southern, midland and 
eastern counties of England, and ranges through central and southern 
Europe to the Caucasus and probably to northeastern Asia. In Eng- 
land trees of this Elm occur with a broad head of spreading and more 
or less pendulous branches. This form is often called the Hereford- 
shire Elm, as it is this particular form which is most often found in 
that part of England, and some of the old Herefordshire Elms are 
only surpassed in beauty by Ulmus americana as it sometimes grows 
in New England. The Cornish Elm, a tree with erect branches which 
form a narrow pyramidal head, is usually considered a variety of 
Ulmus nitens (var. stricta), although some modern authors treat it as 
a distinct species. This is the common Elm tree of Cornwall and 
some parts of Devonshire, and is also found in Brittany. The Guern- 
sey, Jersey or Wheatley Elm (var. Wheatleyi) is another pyramidal 
tree which is believed to be a variety of the Cornish Elm, from which 
it differs in its rather broader head, its earlier flowers and wider 
leaves. It is sometimes called variety sarniensis. On one of the 
forms of Ulmus nitens (var. suberosa) the branchlets are furnished 
from the second to the tenth year with corky wings which are most 
developed on sucker shoots. The Elm of central Europe referred to as 
Ulmus nitens is of this variety, and young plants in the Arboretum 
raised from seeds collected in Hungary develop these wings when only a 
few years old. An interesting form of U. nitens (var. umbraculifera) 
is a tree with a dense globose head sent from Persia to Germany in 
1878. This curious tree is doing well in the Arboretum and promises 
to grow here to a large size. Other interesting varieties are var. pen- 
dula, with very pendulous branches and branchlets, var. Dampieri, a 
fastigiate tree with a narrow pyramidal crown, and var. variegata with 
leaves blotched with white. This appears to be the most common of 
the Silver-leaved Elms and is often seen in American collections where 
it grows to a large size. 
Ulmus glabra. This is the so-called Scotch Elm and is also known 
as U. montana and U. scabra. It is a tree with wide-spreading 
branches making a broad, open, round or flat-topped head, large leaves 
broadest above the middle, often three-lobed at the apex, dark green 
