300 
DE. CLELAND ON THE EELATIONS 
pushed further forwards than usual ; a circumstance which is probably connected with 
the habitual nasal respiration of the Horse *, as, by the posterior nares being placed well 
forwards, the most direct and free connexion between the nasal passages and respiratory 
organs is obtained. The lateral plates of the intermaxillaries of the Horse meet for 
some distance in the middle line in front of the septal cartilage, in the same way as we 
have seen them tending to do in the Camel ; but the mesial-palatine processes arise quite 
from the fore part, and are in contact with each other at their origins, so that the extre- 
mity of the cartilage is enclosed completely in a cul-de-sac, and does not project into the 
palate (Plate V. tig. 17). 
In the Pigs, the vomer articulates with the intermaxillaries, maxillaries, and palatals 
below, and forms one bone with the lateral masses of the ethmoid, according to the 
typical mode. The posterior extremity of the vomer is always very narrow, and the 
intermaxillaries are as in the Carnivora. We may notice also the little bone developed 
in the anterior extremity of the septal cartilage, in connexion with the snout. 
In the skull of a sucking-pig, I have observed to advantage some of the more 
important morphological relations of the vomer (Plate IV. fig. 18). The central and 
cribriform plates of the ethmoid have not yet begun to ossify; there are separate centres 
of ossification in a number of the leaflets of the lateral masses, and larger ones in the 
great turbinated processes ; and on each side the vomer is continuous (with only a slight 
trace of the junction) Avith a mass of bone consisting of the ethmovomerine lamina and 
part of the lateral mass of the ethmoid. It is but fair to add, that already the A’omer is 
anchylosed to the body of the sphenoid. The articular surface on the inferior edge of 
the vomer for the maxillaries is flat, with a raphe in the middle line, and abruptly ceases 
where the intermaxillaries fit on ; and the inferior surface of the mesial processes of the 
intermaxillaries is continuous with the maxillary surface of the vomer; a state of matters 
exactly similar to what we have noticed in the young human subject, and Avhich may 
also be seen in the skull of a new-born puppy. 
The Hippopotamus has the vomer and intermaxillaries arranged like those of the 
Pig. The ethmovomerine laminae are broad, but in the specimen which I examined, 
although it was a well-groAvn one, there were suture markings between them and the 
vomer. 
In the young Elephant (Plate V. fig. 19) the intermaxillaries come in contact with one 
another by means of large triangular surfaces, which reach to a considerable height aboA’e 
the level of the floor of the nai;es behind. They have no mesial-palatine processes. There 
is a small anterior palatine canal betAveen them and the maxillaries in the middle line. 
The vomer is but a slightly developed bone : in the specimen before me it presents in the 
greater part of its extent superiorly a mere edge to articulate with the septal cartilage, 
and no vestiges of alee. At the posterior part, however, it is bifurcated, and comes in 
contact with the lateral masses of the ethmoid, but is not anchylosed to them. At its 
* Pointed out by Sir Chaeles Bell in bis ‘Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. pp. 126 
and 134. 
