308 
DE. CLELAND ON THE EELATIONS 
segment of the skull can be properly viewed apart from the others. "While on the other 
hand, were I to enter into further details, I should be led far beyond the subject of this 
paper, and such details are not required for the elucidation of the points under con- 
sideration. 
Birds, Beptiles, and Fishes. 
The Vomer and Intermaxillary in the Bird. — There is only one intermaxillary in the 
bird. It sends no mesial processes backwards on the palate. Its lateral plates articu- 
late with the maxillaries exactly as the mammalian intermaxillaries do. Its distinctive 
peculiarity is, that from the place of union of its two halves in front it sends up long 
processes between the nostrils, which reach back to the roof of the skull. These pro- 
cesses close-in the septal cartilage above and in front, exactly as it is closed in by the 
intermaxillaries in the Horse, the Tapir, and the Dugong. If the parts of the inter- 
maxillaries of the Dugong which meet in the middle line were prolonged back to the 
frontal, their arrangement would altogether resemble the intermaxillary of the bii-d, 
for they are situated as much in front of the nostril as it is. The arrangement also in 
Bhinoceros tichorhinus only differs from the beak of the bird, in that the bones roofing 
the nostrils are prolonged down to the intermaxillaries, instead of the latter passing up 
to the former. The nostrils of the bird, therefore, correspond to those of the mammal, 
and the bones which roof them (ethmoido-frontals of Goonsm) are the nasals. 
Fortunately, opinions are agreed as to which bones are the palatals of the bird. They 
approach each other behind and come in contact in the middle line, and form by their 
junction a grooved surface, which glides backwards and forwards on the basisphenoid. 
But very frequently a small bone (the vomer of Cuvier, Owen, &c., the entopterygoid 
of Goodsir) is intercalated between them, so situated as to furnish a continuation of 
this groove along the inferior edge of the septal cartilage ; and with this little bone tiie 
palatals articulate edge to edge. It is often absent, as in the Gallinaceee, and in 
different birds it presents different shapes : thus it is broad in the Crow, and a vertical 
plate of considerable size in the Duck (fig. 28) ; and in the Gull and Guillemot, as 
well as in the Albatros, which has it of very large size, it bears a most striking resem- 
blance to the mammalian vomer. That it belongs to the same segment as the palatals 
is as obvious as that the vomer, lateral masses of the ethmoid, and palatals in the 
mammal belong to one segment ; and if that proposition has been proved by the fore- 
going observations, there can be no further doubt that this bone in the bird’s skull is 
the vomer. 
The framework of the lateral masses of the ethmoid of the mammal is not represented 
in the bird ; but the turbinations for the distribution of the olfactory nerves, which in 
the mammal are attached to that framework, are in the bird, when they are ossified, 
usually in close connexion with the palatals, which are members of the same segment. 
This can be seen in the Gull and in the Albatros. In the Parrot there is an exception 
to the rule. 
If the nasals of the bird correspond with the nasals of the mammal, then the frontals 
