SOME OE THE ANIMALS EED AND SLAFGHTEEED AS HUMAN FOOD. 4iJ9 
does not include either the head, the feet, or the skin. In its case these parts are 
weighed with the Carcass ; and its Offal consists, therefore, only of the internal organs 
and parts, excluding the kidneys and kidney-fat. Such a classification of the parts of 
the animals, into Carcass and Offal, is^ of course, to a certain extent, arbitrary. But, 
whilst its adoption will not interfere mth the study of the results in their more physio- 
logical or scientific bearings, it will much facilitate the perception of their practical and 
economic application. 
Fi csh-wciffts, as heie described, both actual and percentage, have been determined in 
the cases of 18 Calves, Heifers, and Bullocks, 249 Sheep, and 59 Bigs. Attention will 
be called to a summary of these results further on in the course of our Paper ; and the 
details will be given for reference in the Appendix (Tables XV. — LXIV. pp. 594—677). 
So much for the separation, the determination, and the calculation, of the weights of 
i\ie fresh matters. We have next to describe the fui-ther treatment of the fresh mattei's 
themselves, in the case of the ten animals submitted to further analysis. 
2nd. Determination of the Water, and Crude Dry Substance, in the Animals Analysed. 
Half of the Carcass, and the whole of every separated organ or part comprised in the 
Offal, were in each case operated upon. The half-carcass was separated into — 
{a) Flesh and fat : 
{b) Bones : 
{c) Kidney and kidney-fat. 
After being cut up, as required, these Carcass parts separately, and each of the sepa- 
rate internal organs or parts constituting the Offal, were put into a large water-bath, and 
were arranged in it in such a manner, that the fat which melted from any one, or any 
number of the parts, could be collected and weighed separately at pleasure, in vessels 
placed under them for that purpose. After being kept in the bath at a temperature of 
212 Fahr., for several days, those parts which still retained a large quantity of fat 
were tied up in a dried and weighed canvass-cloth, and squeezed in a screw-press. The 
further fat so obtained, was added to that obtained from the same parts by melting 
only. The whole of the separated fat, after a little further exposure to the heat of 
the water-bath, was then weighed ; and this, together with the amount retained by the 
press and cloth, which were weighed both before and after the operation, constitutes 
the weight of the melted and expressed fat, as given in the Tables. The remaining 
crude dry substance, generally, still retained a considerable amount of fat. But, 
excluding the bones, which had to be first otherwise broken, all these dried parts were 
now in such a state as to allow of being ground through a steel mill, made for the 
purpose, into a coarse but manageable powder. This, then, is the crude dry substance, 
excluding melted and expressed fat. 
