627 
and the cup is continued from the water-level upward, in funnel shape, the funnel 
measuring about three feet across the top. The surface is about five feet below the 
level of the apex of the mound. Gas-bubbles rise slowly through the water. 
Pifteeu feet north of (J) is a third well (Spring c), measuring six by four feet 
across the top, which is about the same level as that of Well (&). The water is three and 
a-half feet deep, and stands about six inches below the lip, but discharges to the north a 
stream, estimated at thirty-six square inches, two feet below the level of the lip. Gas- 
bubbles rise slowly through the water. 
Twenty feet east of («), a fourth well (Spring d) is three feet in diameter at the 
surface, which is on the same level as (b) and (c). The water, which is seven feet deep, 
escapes at the surface in a stream estimated at nine square inches, and at the base of the 
mound — i.e., ten feet below the surface level of the water — in a stream estimated at a 
hundred and forty-four square inches. Gas-bubbles rise slowly through the water. 
The lowest well (Spring e) is full to the lip, which is about seven feet below the 
apex of the mound. Bubbles of gas rise constantly, but irregularly. The cup is very 
irregular in shape, but is, roughly^ speaking, about twenty-five by fifteen feet across. The 
depth of water over the greater part is only three feet, but one portion, about five feet in 
diameter, is of greater depth — probably six or seven feet. The water leaks out over the 
rim in every direction, but chiefly towards the west, in streams with an estimated total 
sectional area of four hundred square inches. 
The water in all the wells was too hot to touch, evidently not far from the 
boiling" point ; but, as I had no thermometer, I was unable to ascertain its exac 
temperature. Its taste, when cooled, was indescribably nasty, resembling what one 
could imagine to be that of water in which very mnch decayed fish had been boiled. 
The gaseous emanations from the largest well smelt distinctly of sulphuretted hydrogen, 
and twice only I got a whiff as of sulphur. A quantity of the water from Spring (d) 
was bottled and sent to the Government Analyst, whose report is as follows : — 
Carbonates of calcium and magnesium 
... 6'25 grains per gal. 
Carbonates of sodium and potassium 
... ... 15‘94i ,, ,, 
Chloride of sodium and potassium 
32-61 „ 
Total fixed salts ... 
64-80 „ „ 
Volatile matter 
... ... 2'80 „ }) 
Total solids ... 
67-60 
Sulphuric acid, trace. 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 2T9 grains per gallon. 
“ The same is a chlorinated sulphuretted water, and possesses similar medicinal properties to that 
of Harrowgate (England), but in a lesser degree — to the extent of about one-seventh of the Harrowgate 
“Robert Mar, F.C.S., Govt. Analyst.*’ 
Little less than the want of a thermometer did I regret the want of a bar of 
soap, with which I could have tried the experiment which has been successfully 
carried out in the Yellowstone Park (to such an extent, indeed, that it has become a 
public nuisance). Perhaps the next visitor may go better provided, and succeed in 
temporarily exciting the quiet springs into active geysers. Mr. Arnold Hague, of the 
United States Geological Survey, in an article on “ Soaping Geysers,” read in February, 
1889, before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, after detailing his experi- 
ments on the “Chinaman,” “Old Faithful,” “Beehive,” “Giantess,” and other 
geysers, accounts for the artificial ebullition as follows ; — “ If soap or lie is thrown into 
most of the small pools, a viscous fluid is formed ; and viscosity is, I think, the principal 
cause in hastening geyser action. Viscosity must tend to the retention of steam within 
