Wilhs: Anglo-American Law 41 
or makes an order. Jurisdiction of the person is acquired 
by the service of process, by reading to, or delivering to the 
person (or by leaving at his residence), a writ in the name 
of the sovereign commanding his appearance in court. Juris- 
diction over property is obtained by the seizure of the 
property, or by the publication of notice under the provisions 
of statutes. 
b. In the United States there is a dual system of courts, 
state and federal. Over certain matters and persons each 
has exclusive jurisdiction; over other matters and persons 
they have concurrent jurisdiction. In the state system, in 
addition to police courts and courts of justices of the peace, 
there are district or circuit courts, of original jurisidiction, 
and a supreme court, or appellate court, of appellate jurisdic- 
tion ; and in some states an intermediate court. In the 
federal system there are a district court, a circuit court of 
appeals, and a supreme court. The latter has some original 
jurisdiction in addition to appellate jurisdiction. In England 
there is only one system. The details of all these systems will 
be given more fully in connection with the historical develop- 
ment of Anglo-American law which will be considered in 
Part II. 
2. Legal Procedure. Legal procedure, or adjective law 
(because it exists for the sake of substantive law), prescribes 
the modes whereby remedial rights may be secured. In those 
exceptional cases where the law still permits self-help it points 
out the limits within which it may be exercised. In other cases 
it announces the steps which must be taken to set in motion 
and carry thru to execution the machinery of the law courts. 
Legal procedure includes the rules of pleading, the rules 
of evidence, and the rules of practice. 
a. Pleading. Pleadings are the written allegations as to 
claims and defenses in an action in court. Originally these 
allegations, or statements, were made orally in open court, 
but at the present time practically all pleadings are written. 
Pleadings are supposed to be a scheme for the determination 
of the issues between the litigants. In Roman law the issues 
were determined by the pret or s and then the cases were re- 
ferred to judices for trial. In English law today the issues are 
frequently determined by a master to whom the case is re- 
ferred by the court. But in the United States the determina- 
