Willis: Anglo-American Laiv 121 
Torts. The law of torts was not in this period notable for 
new torts created, but for the recognition of a theory of torts 
in place of a theory of trespass, and for the development of 
specific doctrines. The recognition of torts as a possible body 
of principles governing liability for acts which injure others 
was brought to pass by law writers upon the subject. The 
first book on torts was a United States work, Hilliard on 
Torts, which appeared in 1859. The first English book on 
torts was Addison on Torts, which appeared the next year. 
Another pioneer in this field was Bishop. Among the new 
doctrines to be developed in this period were the doctrines 
of proximate cause, assumption of risk, contributory negli- 
gence, the ordinary prudent man, and of no liability without 
fault. An ethical standard of reasonable conduct replaced 
the unmoral standard of acting at one’s peril. 
Remedies. There was no development in the law of rem- 
edies, worthy of mention, in this period, except that with 
reference to the remedy of damages, the functions of court 
and jury were further defined. By the end of the eighteenth 
century the matter of damages had become so much a judicial 
question that the jury had little function to perform in con- 
tract cases. In the present period the jury was shorn of 
its power in all cases of pecuniary injuries, so that it was left 
in power only in cases of non-pecuniary injuries and ex- 
emplary damages, and even then under the direction of the 
court. The period, however, was characterized by greater 
strictness and technicality in the application of remedies. 
Courts. There was some change in this period in the judi- 
cial system of England, altho the great changes did not come 
until the next and last period. Separate Welsh courts 
were suppressed in 1830. A vice-chancellor, in addition 
to the chancellor and the master of the rolls, was 
appointed in 1813. Two more vice-chancellors were appointed 
in 1841, when the equity side of the Exchequer was suppressed. 
An intermediate court of appeal from chancery was created 
in 1851. A Bankruptcy Court was established in 1837, 1869. 
A Court of Probate, and a Court of Divorce and Matrimonial 
Causes took over the jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Courts 
in 1857. After these changes, appeals lay from the Queen’s 
Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer to the Exchequer 
Chamber (composed of all of the common law judges except 
