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mon carrier from liability for negligence, agreements to in- 
jure the public health, agreements to promote dereliction of 
public duty, lottery and wager agreements, etc. Most of 
these inhibitions are statutory, yet for the most part the law 
of contracts still remains case law. The American Law In- 
stitute is working upon a restatement of the law of contracts. 
Bills and Notes. A Bills of Exchange Act was passed 
in England in 1882, and in the United States a Uniform 
Negotiable Instruments Act drafted by the Commissioners on 
Uniform State Laws has been enacted by practically all the 
states of the Union. 
Sales. A Sales of Goods Act was enacted in England in 
1898, and a similar Uniform Sales Act recommended by the 
Commissioners on Uniform State Laws has been widely 
adopted in the United States. 
Public Callings. The law of public callings has again begun 
to grow. Not only have new callings, like insurance and 
housing in times of emergency, been put into the class of 
public callings, but freedom of contract in the realm of public 
callings has been largely abrogated for control and regulation 
by public commissions. A uniform bill of lading prescribed 
by the Interstate Commerce Commission has practically sup- 
planted private contracts by railroads. Uniform bills of lad- 
ing and uniform warehouse receipts acts have been adopted 
by Congress and by many state legislatures. 
Persons. Married women, infants, and insane persons have 
either been emancipated or received greater protection than 
heretofore. 
Torts. The new torts of procuring refusal to contract, pro- 
curing breach of contract, and privacy have appeared in this 
period. Workmen’s Compensation laws and old age pension 
laws for laborers and the aged also have made their appear- 
ance. Absolute liability has also been imposed in case of 
dangerous instrumentalities and the family automobile. The 
American Law Institute is at work upon a restatement of the 
law of torts. 
Constitutional Law. In the United States constitutional 
law has had and is having a tremendous growth. This is 
due to the fact of our written constitutions, our dual form of 
government, and to the fourteenth amendment to the United 
States Constitution. Under the fourteenth amendment espe- 
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