Fig. 88. ECTOCARPUS LANDSBURGII. 
Colour. Dark-brown. 
Substance. Eigid ; tongh ; re-moistening without injury. 
Character of Frond. Densely matted tufts of jointed threads {filaments'). Filaments much 
branched ; zigzag. Branches irregularly forked ; everywhere bristling with quantities 
of short, straight, horizontal, thorn-like branchlets. 
Measurement. Tufts from 1 to 3 inches long. 
Fructification. Unknown. Probably similar to that of E. distortus. 
Habitat. Scotland and Ireland. Lamlash, Dr. Landsborough. Eoundstone Bay, Dr. Harvey. 
Dredged in deep water in land-locked bays. Bare. 
This and the preceding species resemble each other much in general appearance and 
colour. But E. Landsburgii is more profusely and more distinctly thorny, the tips of its 
branchlets being pointed ; its filaments are more densely opaque, and its substance is much 
firmer. It is only obtained by dredging ; and the tufts are never so large as those of E. distortus. 
Fig. 89. ECTOCARPUS SPH^ROPHORUS. 
Colour. Dull olive-green or rusty-brown. 
Substance. Soft ; moderately firm. 
Character of Frond. Full bushy tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments much 
branched ; slender ; straight. Main stems somewhat matted ; branches free, re- 
peatedly divided. Upper ones either opposite or in fours {quaternate). 
Measurement. From 1 to 3 inches long. 
Fructification. External seeds {spores) borne on the branchlets ; either opposite to each other 
on opposite sides of the stem, or opposite to a branchlet ; occasionally in fours ; 
unstalked {sessile) ; globose ; prominent. 
Habitat. Various places on our coasts, from Orkney to Cornwall. (Filey.) Between tide- 
marks. Parasitical on the smaller algse ; chiefly on Ptilota sericea. Bare. 
Fig. 90. ECTOCARPUS BRACHIATUS. 
Colour. Pale olive-green ; occasionally tawny. 
Substance. Very soft ; delicate. 
Character of Frond. Feathery tufts of jointed threads {filaments). Filaments excessively 
branched ; slender ; wavy. Main stems slightly entangled ; branches and branchlets 
free ; all exactly opposite to each other on each side a stem ; or occasionally in fours 
{quaternate). 
Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches long. 
Fructification. Seeds {spores) imbedded in the filaments borne on the lesser branchlets ; or in 
the angles where two branchlets meet ; forming oblong swellings. 
Habitat. England and Ireland. Parasitic on Rhodymenia palmata in the sea ; found with 
Fnteromorpha compressa in ditches of brackish water. Bare. 
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