Fig. 309. CLADOPHORA UNCIALIS. 
Colour. Yellowish -green ; but more grassy than the preceding, and not fading so pale when 
dry ; the tips occasionally bright. 
Substance. Soft and spongy. 
Character of Frond. Short, dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments), sparingly branched. 
Filaments hair-like ; woolly ; wavy ; the older ones inextricably matted together, but 
in several thick subdivisions throwing out fibres. Branches irregular ; set with a 
few distant, secund, long, spreading or incurved branchlets. 
Joints. From two to four times longer than broad ; filled with green colouring matter 
{endoclirome). 
Measurement. An inch high. 
Fructification. Minute seeds {zoospores) formed of the colouring matter in the joints, and in 
due time bursting through them. 
Habitat. Our shores generally. On rocks near low-water mark. Common. 
Fig. 310. CLADOPHORA ARCTA. 
Colour. A brilliant, glossy, grass-green when young ; olive and dull when old ; at a certain 
age” olive and dull below ; glistening at the tips, which being in fact the youngest 
shoots of the plant, change last. 
Substance. Soft, and retaining water at all times ; coarse and very spongy when old. 
Character of Frond. Broad, star-like tufts of jointed threads {filaments) rising from a wide 
disc of matted fibres. Filaments as thick as horse-hair ; spreading in a circle ; much 
branched. When young, clothed with straight, crowded, very upright, alternate or 
opposite branches ; bearing branchlets of the same character, but often secund 
branchlets. When old, matted into rope-like bundles below, by root-like fibres from 
the joints ; the upper branchlets only free. 
Joints. .Extremely variable in length ; the lower, however, generally only once or twice as 
long as broad, the upper many times longer ; filled with green colouring matter 
{endochrome). 
Measurement. From 2 to 4 inches high. 
Fructification. As before. 
Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks from half-tide level to low-water mark. Common. 
Fig. 311. CLADOPHORA GLAUCESCENS. 
Colour. A bright but scarcely grass-green ; varying, however, in different specimens. 
Substance. Soft and rather silky ; having a speckled, shimmering look when dry, and seen 
through a pocket lens. 
Character of Frond. Dense tufts of jointed threads {filaments), excessively branched. Fila- 
ments very wavy ; hair-like (but not so slender as those of C. refracta), furnished 
with straight, erect, alternate branches, several times re-branched ; the lesser ones 
closely set with very upright, long, finely drawn out, alternate or secund branchlets. 
Joints. About three times as long as broad ; nearly uniform throughout ; filled with green 
colouring matter {endochrome). 
Measurement. Two or 3 inches long, generally ; but occasionally up to 6. 
Fructification. As before. 
Habitat. Our coasts generally. On rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common. 
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