Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
29 
and West Texas. The gall of expositor (figs. 301-302) is only 
slightly different from that of acraspiformis, but the expositor 
gall is indistinguishable from that of alaria which occurs 
further to the north. One might collect from West Texas 
thru New Mexico and into Colorado without realizing he was 
collecting more than one species, and yet the insect of alaria 
(fig. 341) is subapterous and was described by Weld (1922) 
as a good Acraspis. The conclusion seems inevitable. The 
long-winged acraspiformis and expositor , and the short- 
winged apache, alaria, calvescens, and villosa are very close 
relatives, and the short-winged species must have originated 
directly from long-winged stocks which are still represented 
in the center of origin of the group (see pp. 66 to 67) . 
As another instance of the utilization of gall characters, we 
may cite the connection of the long-winged Cynips nubila with 
the short-winged pezomachoides. Nubila, occurring in the 
Southwest, produces a large, wool-coated gall (fig. 299) which 
is superficially as different from the small, naked, faceted gall 
of pezomachoides (fig. 312) as one might conceive. However, 
among the close relatives of nubila is the long-winged acraspi- 
formis which we have just shown is close to the short-winged 
alaria and villosa. If reference is made to the figures of the 
details of gall structures of these species, one may find an 
interesting transition from the galls of the long-winged nubila 
(fig. 325), expositor (fig. 326), and acraspiformis (fig. 330) 
to the galls of the short-winged prinoides (fig. 327), erinacei 
(fig. 328 and 331) and macrescens (fig. 329) . The last two of 
these are naked, faceted galls of the pezomachoides type. 
Further consideration of the plant tissues which enter into 
these gall structures (pp. 40 to 43) shows that the same ele- 
ments are involved in all these galls, and that these elements 
are so developed nowhere but in the subgenus Acraspis of the 
genus Cynips. Thus even such superficially diverse galls as 
those of nubila and pezomachoides evidence the close affinities 
between short-winged and long-winged species of insects. 
In another subgenus, Cynips guadaloupensis, insolens, and 
patelloides have moderately shortened wings. Weld con- 
sidered these as species of Acraspis, altho he recognized that 
the galls are not typical for Acraspis. The three species occur 
on the canyon white oak (Q. chrysolepis) thruout the moun- 
tains of California. In the foothills, on the scrub white oaks 
