Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
31 
have known what the long-winged ancestors of the group 
looked like. The experimentally proved bisexual generation of 
erinacei is an insect with fully developed wings (figs. 1-2) , and 
other characters typical of long-winged Cynips. One can 
hardly agree with the literature in which these two genera- 
tions have been placed in different genera. Both of them 
must represent true Cynips. Here is evidence that long- 
winged and short-winged species may be nearer than closely 
related species, for they may be alternate generations of one 
species. 
In several of the cases cited above, we were delayed in our 
recognition of relationships by the peculiar hypopygial spines 
which, we have already mentioned, are found nowhere but 
among short-winged gall wasps. In connection with a generic 
re-arrangement which we are undertaking for the whole 
family Cynipidae, we have found that the hypopygial spine is 
one of the most constant of generic characters among the 
long-winged insects. This is confirmed by preliminary studies 
of more than five hundred species of Cynipidae, and the draw- 
ings for such long-winged subgenera as Cynips, Besbicus, and 
Atrusca in the present paper will illustrate our point. For 
this reason, we were at first reluctant to believe that short- 
winged Acraspis or short-winged Philonix, with distinctive 
spines, were not genera of nearly as ancient standing as 
previous classifications had indicated. On the other hand, 
there is one case of an insect, apache, which is obviously a 
short-winged Acraspis altho it, as far as we can determine 
from inadequate material, has the same spine (fig. 402) as the 
long-winged Cynips acraspiformis (fig. 400). Final evidence, 
however, is to be drawn from such a long-winged, bisexual 
generation as we have just described for Cynips erinacei 
where the short-winged agamic form has the peculiar spine 
(fig. 420) of a short-winged species of Acraspis, and the long- 
winged bisexual form has the typical spine (fig. 406) of a 
long-winged species of Cynips. One must conclude that the 
form of the spine, while thoroly diagnostic among long-winged 
Cynipidae, is liable to modification among short-winged forms. 
In verification of these conclusions, an inverse application 
of our procedure was called for in the case of Cynips fulvicollis 
whose small, round, downy galls (fig. 228) are common every- 
where in the northeastern sector of the United States. 
