Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 45 
explain some of our phenomena, but there is much need for 
precise measurements and bio-chemical investigations on 
our particular winter-active species. Concerning European 
Cynips Kieffer (1901:632) devoutly remarked of the insect 
which had delayed its emergence: “Ce qu’il attend, c’est 
l’epoque que la Nature lui a assignee.” 
Whether the emergence date is determined by the response 
of the insect to environmental factors should be determinable 
by modifications of those factors. This experiment we have 
conducted on an extended scale, incidental to the breeding of 
Cynips material. We have brought 60 of the species of this 
genus from every type of remote locality to breed out-of-doors 
under the peculiar conditions of southern Indiana winters. We 
have bred material from northern Michigan and the moun- 
tains of northern California, from southern Georgia and the 
Gulf Coast, from southern California, Denmark, and more 
southern Europe. In many cases we have bred the same spe- 
cies for several winters, and in the case of Cynips fulvicollis 
(detailed later) we have had to keep transplanted material 
for two and three years outside our laboratory windows be- 
fore the insects matured. Nevertheless, in all of this work, 
we have secured emergence at dates that would have been nor- 
mal in the native habitats of the species. The season of emer- 
gence has been shown to be a specific quality which is not de- 
pendent upon the responses of the individual insects to imme- 
diate environmental conditions. 
Northern Michigan material of Cynips pezomachoides wheeleri , due 
to emerge in northern Michigan during cold weather in late November 
and early December, emerged in southern Indiana at those same dates, 
altho at that season the temperatures are still very mild in our part of 
the country. Material of Cynips pezomachoides pezomachoides from near 
Boston, Massachusetts, emerged at Boston late in November and early 
in December at temperatures ten or fifteen degrees below freezing, while 
our material of apparently the same insect from the Carolinas, Georgia, 
and northern Florida emerged at the very same dates during mild 
weather in southern Indiana. We have had similar experience with 
several varieties of Cynips fulvicollis and still other species of the genus. 
The data for fulvicollis are: 
