70 
Indiana University Studies 
then may have supported enough oak to have allowed the ex- 
tension of some species of the typically Californian fauna. 
Within California the paths of migration of the several 
species of Antron and Besbicus probably began at some point 
in the eastern part of the state and extended north and south 
and about the Great Valley. The Valley was not completely 
cut off from the sea until the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The 
FIGS. 9-10. PHYLOGENETIC ORIGINS IN ANTRON AND 
BESBICUS 
present-day range of many plants and animals of the foothills 
of the mountains rimming the Great Valley may be due not 
only to differences in topography and climate and vegetation 
at different elevations, but to the influence of the more ancient 
distribution as well. Altho many Cynipidae range all the 
way from Bakersfield in the southern end, to Shasta Springs 
at the extreme northern end of the Valley, and altho many of 
the species of the foothills and even higher elevations of the 
Sierras find no barrier in the latitude of San Francisco, many 
