Kinsey : Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
95 
in the leaves. (6) A poorly differentiated protective zone. 
(7) The spherical form of the galls and their attachment to 
the veins of the leaves. 
Beyerinck’s analysis (1883) of the development of both the 
agamic and bisexual galls of Cynips folii are detailed under 
the variety folii. 
In the pages that follow, the bibliographies given for each 
species include only such papers as I have actually seen and 
summarized in the account of the species, except in those few 
cases where the record is given on the authority of (“acc.”) 
another work which is duly cited. It has been impossible to 
secure as complete a library of European literature as I have 
for the American Cynipidae, but the summaries can be offered 
as fair accounts of our knowledge of European Cynips. 
To the student who is confused by the hundreds of Euro- 
pean titles on the gall wasps, we may render some service by 
pointing out that our knowledge of that fauna is largely con- 
tained in a short list of eight papers. Hartig in 1840 (Ger- 
mar Ent. Zeit. 2:176-209) contributed the original descrip- 
tions of many species and, more important, gave us the foun- 
dation for the generic classification on which we are building 
today. Mayr in 1870 (Die Mitteleuropaischen Eichengallen) , 
1881 (Die Genera der Gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden), and 
1882 (Die Europaischen Arten der Gallenbewohnenden Cynip- 
iden) extended Hartig’s generic arrangement with a note- 
worthy regard for biologic significances. Kieffer (1901-1903, 
Les Cynipides in Andre Hymen. Europe 7 (1-2) gave us a 
critical compilation of all the then-available taxonomic and 
biologic data on European Cynipidae. The several compila- 
tions which have followed in the last twenty-five years have 
contributed little to the advancement of our knowledge, if they 
are not chiefly responsible for having discouraged fresh in- 
vestigations of the group. Even the Dalla Torre and Kieffer 
(1910) volume in Das Tierreich can be shown to have been 
drawn, as far as European Cynipidae are concerned, with few 
additions and no critical revision from Kieffer’s 1901 mono- 
graph, or even more literally in places from Mayr’s earlier 
papers. 
Two papers on the life histories of European Cynipidae, Ad- 
ler’s 1881 contribution (Zeit. wiss. Zook 35:151-246) and its 
confirmation by Beyerinck (1883, Ver. Akad. Amsterdam 
