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coll.) , and mature adults may be found in the galls before that 
month is over (acc. Beyerinck 1883 and Kieffer 1901 ; also 
material from. Moravia, Baudys in Kinsey coll.) or in October 
(acc. Adler 1881). As with nearly all the other species of 
the whole genus Cynips, the adults delay their emergence until 
late fall to early winter. The galls fall to the ground with 
the leaves late in October or early November, by which time 
the insects have chewed a passage thru to the epidermis which, 
however, is not broken until actual emergence occurs. 
Emergence varies in different localities from October to 
March, tho the bulk of it occurs everywhere in the early win- 
ter. Schlechtendal (1870) records September and October 
emergence, and Cameron (1893) also records October emer- 
gence. Paszlavszky gives November as the time for Hungary 
(acc. Kieffer 1901). Kieffer (1901) gives late November and 
early December — no later — for Lorraine. Beyerinck (1883) 
also says November and early December for Holland. Adler 
(1881) records December and January with occasional emer- 
gence in February or even March, in Germany; and Mayr 
(1882) notes late winter emergence in Austria. There is a 
December 20 record for England (acc. The Ent. 4:77). The 
material which I have from Denmark (Hoffmeyer coll.) bears 
dates of October 20, November 11, 19, 23, December 5, 7, 10, 
17, 21, 25, 27, and January 3, 8, 9, 11, and 14. Fitch (1876) 
recorded emergence from January 1 to 21 on the Isle of Wight. 
Bignell (1897) gives January 18 to 25 for his part of England. 
Several observers have noted that this insect does not 
emerge from the galls until the temperature is lowered to near 
the freezing point, and emergence on dates after the middle 
of December are apparently for stray adults which were 
frozen before they effected their escape from the galls in early 
winter and which later emerged, as Adler (1881) noted, in 
the thaws that break into winter's regime. Beyerinck 
(1883:28) found that insects cut from galls before their nor- 
mal emergence time would not lay eggs. The same author 
found that in a warm room emergence might be delayed until 
January, which is in accord with my observations on the fall 
generations of American Cynips. Paszlavszky (1883) insti- 
tuted some exact determinations of the temperature effects on 
this insect's activities, with the following results : 
At 8°C insects were inactive, apparently frozen 
