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Indiana University Studies 
gonaspis crustalis as the alternate of folii. This error was 
corrected by further work which the same investigator under- 
took in 1878 and 1879 on potted plants indoors. Both Adler 
(1881) and Beyerinck (1883) described the ovipositor of the 
insect, which is fairly straight. The insect puts itself into a 
position to pierce the bud perpendicularly, laying but a single 
egg in each bud and usually requiring from ten minutes (acc. 
Beyerinck) to a half hour (acc. Adler) for the single oviposi- 
tion. A droplet of a sticky secretion from the insect (acc. 
Beyerinck) fastens the egg inside the bud scales. It is not 
until the following March and April (acc. Beyerinck; end of 
April acc. Adler) that the first signs of gall formation are 
to be noted in these buds; but from 34 ovipositions Adler se- 
cured 11 galls which were well developed by the beginning 
of May. Adler’s experiments were repeated in 1879, and left 
no doubt that the bisexual insect that alternates with fcdii 
is the bud gall inhabitant taschenhergi. Beyerinck confirmed 
these results in the autumns of 1880 and 1881 in Holland, add- 
ing many details concerning the insect biology, the gall his- 
tology, and the gall embryology. 
Paszlavszky (acc. Kieffer 1901) noted the caraboid odor of 
the ovipositing females of the agamic folii. Perhaps these 
odors are similar to the pungent, acid odors emitted by so 
many of the agamic forms of American Cynips , especially the 
short-winged forms, when they are disturbed in any way at all. 
The early development of the galls of the agamic folii has 
been studied by Beyerinck (1883) whose interesting diagrams 
are reproduced in the present paper (figs. 107-117). Beyer- 
inck found that gall formation starts in the phloem of the vas- 
cular bundles whose xylem is in contact with the egg. The 
new growth gradually develops within the vein, finally form- 
ing a canal which allows the young larva to pass from the 
xylem to the phloem in which growth is proceeding. This is 
similar to the condition reported for other cynipid galls which 
originate from eggs that have been deposited deep in the vas- 
cular bundles, altho there is no formation of a canal for species 
in which the eggs are placed in the phloem or cambium to 
begin with. Since the epidermis of the leaf does not directly 
contribute to the gall formation, the young gall ruptures the 
leaf epidermis to one side of the vein where the resistance is 
least. The larva has hatched before the rupture of the epi- 
