116 
Indiana University Studies 
This would indicate that water may constitute as much 
as 87.5 per cent of the weight of the fresh galls of folii. 
The scarcity of stomata on these galls is also the explana- 
tion (as with many other cynipid productions) of their float- 
ing on water for some time before they sink. 
Fresh galls are described as having a ripe apple odor which 
Connold (1908:18) believes to be more developed when the 
galls are on Q. sessiliflora than when they are on Q. peduncu- 
lata. The same author considers this odor an adaptation that, 
in some way which I cannot fathom, is designed to protect 
these galls. 
F. Koch (1895, Archiv der Pharmacie, Berlin: 48-77, acc. 
Kieffer 1901 : 195) finds that these galls develop sugar after 
maturing. Galls gathered in January have nearly twice as 
much sugar and a little less tannin than galls gathered in Sep- 
tember, or, to quote in more detail : 
Sugar in late Sept. = 21.49% ; in Jan. = 51.81% 
Tannin in late Sept. — = 16.87% ; in Jan. == 14.85% 
The mature galls of folii may remain attached to the leaves 
on the ground for several months after the insects have 
emerged, even until the following April or May (acc. Con- 
nold 1908). 
Cynips folii variety folii 
bisexual form taschenbergi (Schlechtendal) 
Figures 15, 77-78, 82, 89, 90, 107-113, 121, 127-128 
Spathegaster Taschenbergi Schlechtendal 1870, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 31: 
391 (9, 8, ®). Mayr, 1871, Mitteleurop. Eichengallen: 70, pi. 7 
fig. 96 (®). Rudow, 1875, Archiv. Naturg. Mecklenburg 29: 40, 61 
(9, 8 )• Wachtl, 1876: 14, 20, 22, 24. Mayr-Fitch, 1878, The Ent. 
11: 222, 225, fig. 96. Adler, 1881, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. 35: 188, pi. 11 
fig. 14a, pi. 12 fig. 5a (9 , 8, ®, biol.). Adler-Lichtenstein, 1881, 
Gener. Altern.: 50, pi. 11 fig. 14a, pi. 3 fig. 5a (9, 8, ®, biol.). 
McLachlan, 1881, Ent. Month. Mag. 17 : 259. Fockeu, 1889, Hist. 
Galles: 23. Eckstein, 1891, Pflanzengallen und Gallentiere: 59, 61, 
fig. 41, 53, 54, 55. Adler-Straton, 1894, Altern. Gener.: 63, pi. 2 
fig. 14a, pi. 3 fig. 5a (9, 8 , ®, biol.). Riley, 1895, Science n.s. 
1: 463. Kieffer, 1903, Andre Hymen. Europ. 7 (2): 677. Henneguy, 
1904, Les Insectes: 217, pi. 3 fig. 10, 11 (®, biol.). Connold, 1908, 
Brit. Oak Galls: 7, 116, 132, pi. 52 C. Cotte, 1912, Galles de 
Provence: 193. Borcea, 1912, Zoocecid. Romania: 81. 
