Kinsey : Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
121 
Adler found the first gall formation at the end of April in 
Germany, when the tips of the buds became dark blue and 
soon showed the form of the purple, velvety galls. Adult in- 
sects appear within a couple of weeks after the galls are ma- 
ture, being recorded as emerging from May 1 to June 1 (acc. 
Wachtl 1876), on May 26 and early June (acc. Adler 1881) in 
Germany, at about the same time in Holland (acc. Beyerinck 
1883), and on May 25, 29, 30, 31, and June 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 
and 11 in Denmark ( Hoff meyer in Kinsey coll.). 
It was Adler who first observed this insect oviposit in the 
main veins of the not fully mature leaves of the oak — leaves 
which were still growing actively enough to be capable of de- 
veloping new galls. Adler believed that the insects, examin- 
ing the leaves with their antennae, would not oviposit in places 
in which galls could not have been produced. The eggs are 
pushed into the center of the leaf veins, one egg into each 
wound, but usually a total of a half dozen or more to each 
leaf. About a month after oviposition had been observed in 
1878, Adler obtained eight folii galls from the pricked veins, 
establishing by these experiments the relation of taschenhergi 
to folii, as he later connected folii and taschenhergi. Beyer- 
inck’s results (1883) added detailed confirmation to Adler’s 
work at this point. 
Beyerinck (1883) is further to be credited for careful ob- 
servations on the early development of the young gall of 
taschenhergi. Gall formation begins when the larva is 
formed but still within the egg. The first indication of the 
gall is an enlargement of the plant cells in the vicinity of the 
egg. These developing tissues, arrested where they come in 
contact with the egg, grow about the egg and completely en- 
velop it. A larval cell is thus formed by the time the insect 
begins to show its larval segmentation but before it has 
emerged from the egg. The gall structure involves not only 
the growing tip of the young twig but the very young leaves 
as well, a fact that apparently explains the tiny, leaf -like ir- 
regularities that may sometimes be observed on the mature 
galls of taschenhergi. Beyerinck found one double gall which 
may have come from two eggs deposited in a single bud of 
the oak. 
Liodora sulcata Forster (1869, Verh. Ges. Wien 19:335), 
the insect on which Forster based his genus Liodora, is con- 
