Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
137 
varieties folii and longiventris) which seems to me distinctive 
in the several hundred insects I have examined. The bisexual 
females of folii and longiventris are to be distinguished on 
nothing more than the minor leg color characters noted by 
Adler, altho I find these characters apply definitely for the 
females (hardly for the males) which I have seen. 
Central European folii and longiventris , then, are so com- 
pletely physiologic species that from insects alone they would 
never have been separated. On the other hand, as if by 
deliberate contrast, the insect of the Finnish variety of 
longiventris is very different in structure from the Central 
European longiventris altho physiologically (in gall-pro- 
ducing capacities) it is not distinct. 
The brilliantly banded galls of longiventris have probably 
invited many analogies in the minds of all of us, but it re- 
mained for Thomas (1897) to publish the suggestion that 
the galls actually “mimic” the banded shells of snails of the 
genus Helix , thus discouraging birds which are in search of 
insects. Such an extension of the natural selection hypothesis 
almost discourages serious attempts to evaluate the number 
of cases in which adaptation may have been a real factor in 
directing the course of evolution. Ktister (1911:400) simi- 
larly protests against Thomas’ paper. 
The known biologic data for longiventris apply almost 
entirely to the typical variety, under which the records are 
given in detail. Both the bisexual and agamic generations 
are known for that variety as the result of Adler’s experi- 
mental work (1881). 
Cynips longiventris variety longiventris 
agamic form longiventris Hartig 
Figures 17, 83, 97, 122, 130-132 
[no name] Malpighi, 1686, De Gallis: 21, line 19, fig. 19 [acc. 
Massalongo, 1898, Malpighia 11: 17]. 
Cynips longiventris Hartig, 1840, Germar Ent. Zeit. 2: 181, 188 ( $, ©). 
Hartig, 1843, Germar Ent. Zeit. 4 ; 406. Ratzeburg, 1848, Ichneum. 
Forstins. 2: 217. Ratzeburg, 1852, Ichneum. Forstins. 3: 254. 
Schenck, 1865, Jahrb. Ver. Nassau 17-18: 157, 175, 179, 223, 226, 
250 ( $ , ©) . Reinhard, 1865, Berliner Ent. Zeit. 9 : 6. Taschen- 
berg, 1866, Hymen. Deutschl. : 144. Schlechtendal, 1870, Stettiner 
Ent. Zeit. 31: 380. Muller, 1870, Ent. Month. Mag. 7: 108. Karsch, 
