Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
143 
as many as eight galls on single leaves. The galls first appear 
in June (acc. Mayr 1871; June 30 acc. Connold 1908 for 
England). They are mature by August or September (acc. 
Schlechtendal 1870), falling to the ground with the leaves in 
October (acc. Kieffer 1901). At that season the adults are 
mature and, just as with most other Cynips, they then chew 
a passage to the inside of the epidermis of the gall, but it is 
not until late November or December that the insects break 
thru the epidermis and emerge from the galls. It is true that 
Schlechtendal (1870) assigns late August to late October as 
the emergence time for this species, but many of that author’s 
records are earlier than the experience of other students 
would verify. Mayr (1882) says the insects come out of the 
galls late in the autumn; Adler (1881) found the adults 
emerging in November and December in Germany, and I have 
German material dated November 15 and 18. My Danish 
material (Hoffmeyer coll.) is dated November 22 and 30, and 
December 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 17. Kieffer (1901) said 
emergence was in December in Lorraine. 
Adler made the only experiments we have on the alternation 
of this insect. In 1877 he found that the agamic females 
oviposited in the adventitious buds of the oak stems (and 
trunks) in quite the same way as he had observed for folii. 
But in the first experiments he failed to secure the bisexual 
galls, and he failed again in 1878. In 1879 he observed several 
ovipositions from which he secured two bisexual galls in the 
following April. The insects and galls and biology of this 
bisexual form are discussed in the following pages on the 
form similis. 
The first histologic studies of this gall were made by Lacaze- 
Duthiers in 1853 (acc. Kieffer 1901). Fockeu (1889) has 
given us a more detailed account, noting that the gall tissues 
are very similar to those of folii — an account of which is 
given under that variety in the present paper. The sub- 
epidermal structures of longiventris are more solid and 
woody than in folii, as one may directly observe, and this 
seems to me to represent a fifth layer, a collenchyma layer 
not found in folii. Kustenmacher (1894 acc. Darboux and 
Houard 1907), Hieronymus (1890), and Weidel (1911) have 
given us less extended accounts of the anatomy of this gall. 
