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Indiana University Studies 
may continue to the first of January (January 8, 1922, at 
Diablo). Some material from Kelsey ville, California, was 
bred out-of-doors at Indiana University in the winter of 1925- 
26, when emergence occurred between January 15 and Janu- 
ary 80, 1926. It is probable that held records would place 
the bulk of the emergence late in December and in January. 
McCracken and Egbert give a January record for material 
bred indoors, suggesting that “This is probably premature 
emergence” ; but with at least many Cynipidae of fall gen- 
erations increased heat retards rather than hastens emer- 
gence. 
The succeeding, bisexual generation of echinus is form ribes, 
to be found in bud galls on the trees in the following March 
or April. 
Late in the fall the galls of echinus fall to the ground, at- 
tached to or separated from the dying leaves, but so many of 
the leaves of the blue oak persist on the trees thru the winter 
that many galls remain in good condition into the spring 
(March 7, at Paso Robles in 1920). 
The blue oak, Q. Douglasii, is the only host I have observed 
for this variety, altho I have examined specimens represent- 
ing twenty-four localities (including material collected on the 
blue oak by the Fremont expedition in 1849), Fullaway and 
McCracken, who were in a position to study the material in 
the field, similarly credit this insect to the blue oak. Osten 
Sacken described echinus from Quercus agrifolia, and this re- 
cord has been conscientiously copied without, as far as I am 
aware, any further proof that this was not a mistaken de- 
termination of the host. Bassett made no determination of 
the host of his speciosus. Kellogg, in his American Insects 
(fig. 658) states that these galls are on white oak ( Q . lobata ) , 
but the drawing shows a typical blue oak leaf. Whether this 
insect will ever be found as a stray on any other oak, it should 
be recognized that it is now known from Q. Douglasii only. 
The insect of this variety seems indistinguishable from that 
of variety douglasii (q.v.), but the galls of the two will never 
be confused unless in their very young stages. There is no 
constant distinction of the gall of echinus from vicina (q.v.) , 
a variety which to a large extent replaces typical echinus in 
Lake County and at other points fringing the Great Valley. 
True echinus ranges without appreciable variation thruout the 
