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Plumbea, however, has certain characters in common with 
the short-winged insect fulvicollis of the subgenus Philonix. 
The description of Philonix , originally written exclusively 
for fulvicollis, has needed no modification at any point except 
in regard to the abdominal pubescence, wing, and hypopygial 
spine characters. The inclusion of naked and hairy abdomens 
in a single subgenus or even a single species, however, is not 
without precedence in Cynips, as witness hirta, gemmula, and 
pezomachoides in Acraspis, and the varieties of nubila and 
villosa in the same subgenus. The relations of long- and 
short-winged species are definitely shown for Antron, Atrusca, 
and Acraspis in the present study and the wing mutations 
will account for the differences that we find between the head, 
thoracic, and abdominal proportions of fulvicollis and 
plumbea. The character of the hypopygial spine of Acraspis, 
where the long-winged varieties have more elongate spines 
than the short-winged varieties, would warrant our allowance 
for the differences between the spines of fulvicollis and 
plumbea. Finally, the gall of plumbea is so strikingly similar 
to that of fulvicollis that I now wonder why I was not im- 
pressed by the resemblance long ago. I have considerable 
confidence in the value of the gall pattern as an indicator of 
the phylogenetic relations of gall wasps. 
As another source of evidence, the bisexual Cynips pallipes 
(Bassett) proves to have important characters in common 
with plumbea. The hypopygial spines of the two are similar, 
with allowance necessary thruout the genus Cynips of a more 
slender spine in a bisexual form. More striking is the identity 
of the wing-body ratios of the two, for a ratio of 1.17 is 
found nowhere else among normal wings in the genus Cynips. 
The other subgenera of Cynips have ratios of 1.30, 1.35, 1.50, 
1.50, and 1.60 respectively. If we are correct in our conclusion 
that Cynips pallipes ( q.v . for further discussion) is a bisexual 
form of Cynips (Philonix) fulvicollis, then we may conclude 
that plumbea is also a Philonix. 
Cynips (Philonix) fulvicollis (Fitch) 
bisexual and agamic forms 
AGAMIC FEMALE. — Generally dark rufous .to piceous and black, 
two varieties brighter rufous, the abdomen usually darker than the head 
