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Indiana University Studies 
have done extensive field work in that portion of the country. 
Young galls of fulvicollis appear in June or July, earlier 
further south (June 6, 1927, in southeastern Kansas). Fully 
grown galls occur among the June collections from Kansas 
and in an August 25 collection from Roselle, New Jersey. The 
galls are deciduous, falling to the ground in September or 
October, by which time they contain some pupae. Adults are 
to be found in the galls in October of the year in which emer- 
gence occurs, but the insects do not chew out before the middle 
of November. Most of the emergence occurs before the end 
of December, but thruout the rest of the winter and early 
spring the insects continue to come out of the galls on bright 
days, especially if these have been immediately preceded by 
very low temperatures. The subapterous adults have been 
taken on several occasions running over the snow. 
The most southwestern variety, vorisi, completes most of 
its emergence in the first winter after the development of the 
gall, thus holding to the life-history typical for the rest of 
the genus Cynips . On the other hand, some of the individuals 
of vorisi , and most of the insects of canadensis , fulvicollis, 
major, and gig as remain until a second or even a third winter 
in the galls before transforming into adults. Weld and Brodie 
first noted this, and my own experience confirms it. While 
only the northeastern varieties of fulvicollis were known, this 
two-year emergence seemed so exceptional as to suggest the 
exclusion of the species from the genus Cynips. The dis- 
covery of the shorter life cycle in our variety vorisi indicates 
how a physiologic quality that is ordinarily of generic rank 
may be modified by environmental factors. The small amount 
of first-year emergence which our records show for the more 
northern varieties may come from second-year galls that were 
indiscriminately included with first-year specimens in our 
collections. 
On circumstantial evidence, we are now considering the 
long-winged pallipes the bisexual form of one of the short- 
winged agamic forms of fulvicollis . The data for this con- 
clusion are detailed under pallipes. This bisexual insect is 
close to the bisexual forms known in the subgenus Acraspis, 
occurring in a seed-like bud gall very much resembling a 
bisexual Acraspis gall. The most distinctive thing in the 
bisexual Philonix is its unusual wing-body ratio of 1.17 
