Kinsey: Gall Wasp Genus Cynips 
267 
found his type material running- about on the snow. He 
thought the insects had come from root galls, but in this he 
was, of course, mistaken. Other breeding records range from 
early November to the latter half of February. Brodie secured 
adults at Toronto on November 10, 18, 20, and 24 (1886 to 
1899, acc. U.S. Nat. Mus. coll.) and December 5 (in 1908 and 
1907). From material collected in October at Glencoe, Illi- 
nois, Weld secured two adults before November 23 and five 
before December 11 (in 1916). Weld also gives November 
1 to 19 (in 1917), December 2 (in 1919), and February 19 as 
dates on which adults were secured. F. E. Mather secured 
active adults at Washington on December 25 (in 1908). My 
own breeding records, scattered over several years, are for 
November 16 and 22; December 1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 
17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, and 30; January 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
and 8; and February 2. Very little of this emergence occurs 
during the first year, practically all of it occurring during the 
second winter after the development of the gall. 
Some colonies of galls are very heavily parasitized; other 
colonies yield a remarkably high percentage of gall makers. 
Parasites commonly emerge from the galls from late August 
until November of the first season, and again in abundance 
during the following April, May, and June. 
The eggs of the agamic form of fulvicollis are apparently 
layed in the unopened buds of the white oaks, for Bassett’s 
pallipes , which produces a seed-like gall that develops in these 
buds in the next spring, is apparently the alternating, bisexual 
generation of fulvicollis. 
Fitch first drew attention to a perceptible ant or bee odor 
which is given out by the agamic gall maker of this species. 
Cosens (1912) shows a section of a larva of this variety 
that indicates there is an external opening to the digestive 
tract posteriorly. His account of the histologic structure of 
this gall is quoted under the specific description of fulvicollis 
in the present publication. 
Altho fulvicollis is one of the oldest names among American 
Cynipidae, Fitch’s meager description went uninterpreted for 
nearly sixty years. Beutenmuller then found the types at the 
U. S. National Museum, but unfortunately considered them the 
“same as” his erinacei . I uncritically followed this synonomy 
in my paper (1920) on the life histories of American Cynip- 
idae. A few years ago Weld studied these types and con- 
