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Indiana University Studies 
Illinois: Olney, Bonnie, Norris City, Bloomfield in Johnson County, 
and America (Kinsey coll.) . West Union (Q. alba and Q. bicolor, Kin- 
sey coll.). 
Kentucky: Paducah and Dawson Springs (Kinsey coll.). 
Kansas: Winfield (Q. Miihlenbergii, Q. macrocarpa, Voris in Kin- 
sey coll.). Cedarvale (Q. Miihlenbergii, Voris in Kinsey coll.). 
Probably thruout the sub-Canadian area of the northeastern quar- 
ter of the United States, still surviving in fairly pure form and as 
hybrids with varieties fulvicollis or major as far south as southern 
Illinois and the Kentucky mountains. Beyond the area covered by our 
collections, it is to be expected in northern New York, New England, 
and southeastern Canada. Figure 42. 
TYPES. — 84 females and many galls. Holotype and paratype 
females and galls in the Kinsey collection. Paratype females and galls 
in the U.S. National Museum, the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Field Museum, the Cal- 
ifornia Academy, and Stanford University. Labelled Traverse City, 
Michigan; galls October 3, 1927; insects November 16 and December 10, 
1928; Q. alba; Kinsey collector. From the same locality we also have 
material which inter-grades into variety fulvicollis. The holotype of 
canadensis is one of the smaller, more uniformly black, and least hairy 
individuals of the type series. 
This is the most northern variety of the species, best repre- 
sented at present from the northern end of the southern penin- 
sula of Michigan, but to be expected everywhere where white 
oak occurs along the Canadian-United States boundary. There 
seems every reason to believe that this insect was pushed 
southward with the advance of the Pleistocene glaciation, and 
that variety fulvicollis ( q.v.) is a hybrid of canadensis x major. 
If this interpretation is correct, it explains why fairly typical 
canadensis still occurs in small numbers as far south as 
southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and the hill country of 
Kentucky. We even have material from southeastern Kansas, 
but this determination may be open to question. The influence 
of canadensis in the fulvicollis complex increases considerably 
in northern Indiana and southern Michigan, but no considera- 
ble percentage of pure individuals of canadensis is to be found 
until one reaches more northern Michigan. The insect that 
Fitch described (1859) as nigricollis would appear to be an 
individual of fulvicollis carrying considerable canadensis blood. 
Canadensis is all but confined to the white oak, Quercus alba. 
The mature galls are on the ground by the last of September 
where they lie, in the north, thru the severe winter and the 
following year until emergence occurs in the second and even 
