336 
Indiana University 
It is the universal use of machinery that has made iron and 
steel goods so indispensable to modern industry. They are of 
immeasurable importance in producing a food supply and an 
adequate equipment in clothing for any people. On these two 
items, life depends. Nations recognize this and therefore 
seek either to safeguard their own supply of iron and steel or 
make adequate provision for obtaining them from other 
sources. 
Man must not only have food and clothing; he must have 
protection from his enemy so that he may live and labor. In 
our age he looks to the state for protection. In order that he 
may be secure in person, property, and opportunity he insists 
that the state provide itself with armies and navies ; arms and 
ammunition ; forts and defensive works ; battleships and 
watercraft; — all these call for steel. 
Underlying every call for steel is the demand for coal. It is 
indispensable in manufacturing activities, holds the para- 
mount place in transportation, and is extensively used for 
lighting and heating purposes. Our industrial life depends on 
an adequate supply of coal. In all probability more coal has 
been used since 1900 than in all the preceding ages. There 
was almost twice as much coal used in the world in 1914 as 
in 1900. 
The nations of the world that are rich in coal are the 
dominant ones in trade, industry, and international affairs. 
Almost one-third of the world’s supply of bituminous coal is 
in the United States, today the leading nation in world affairs. 
Great Britain, another power of the first rank, has about one- 
twelfth as much coal as the United States. Germany, until 
the Great War an outstanding contender for first place in 
world industry and trade, has twice as much coal as Britain. 
While there are great reserves of coal in China, they have 
not as yet been tapped so as to make them available for the 
world’s needs. The United States, Great Britain, and Ger- 
many in 1913 produced 81 per cent of the entire amount of 
coal consumed by all mankind. 
The total output of coal in Germany in 1913 was 191,500,000 
tons. It came in the main from four sections of the Empire 
and in approximately the following amounts : 
