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Indiana University 
does not mean that New England was not participating in 
the westward movement. On the contrary, hordes of pioneers 
from that section streamed westward during the contest for 
Kansas, but their faces were not turned toward that portion 
of the frontier belt. Instead they sought the vacant lands 
and beckoning opportunities of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and 
Minnesota. The number of persons born in New England 
and living in these four states in 1860 was greater by nearly 
100,000 than in 1850.^^ It is even true that the New England 
states contributed more people to Missouri, a slaveholding 
state, than they furnished to save Kansas to freedom, the 
figures being, respectively, 4,793 and 4,208. There is no good 
reason why New England should be condemned for this show- 
ing. The number in each case is about what should be ex- 
pected from the operation of the natural forces of the time. 
The nativity tables of 1850 and 1860 tell a like story for New 
York and Pennsylvania, the difference being that the part 
played by these states in western colonization was more ex- 
tensive than that of the New England area. New York’s 
contingent in Kansas numbered only 6,331 in 1860. She had, 
however, poured a multitude of her citizens into Michigan, 
Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, the aggregate in- 
crease in these five areas being more than 220,000 for the 
decade closing in 1860.^^ If one-eighth of the people leaving 
New York for the newer areas of the West in this period 
had responded to the vigorous and incessant appeals of the 
antislavery agitators, the entire contribution of the South 
to Kansas would have been outnumbered. As it turned out, 
where one individual or family of New York decided to go to 
Kansas, more than forty were impelled to migrate to com- 
peting western areas. 
If there was any southern area that could have won Kansas 
for slavery under the principle of popular sovereignty, it was 
the area made up of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri. For 
Kentucky and Tennessee the situation was much the same as 
for New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. These 
The increases Avere disti-ibuted as follows: in Illinois. 28.551; in Wisconsin, 27,309; 
in Iov.^a, 20,305 : in Minnesota, 18,167. 
11 The increases Avere distributed as follows: in Michig'an, 57,372; in Illinois, 53,328; 
in Wisconsin, 52,042 ; in Iowa, 37,819 ; in Minnesota, 21,086 ; in Missouri, 9,545. The 
westward migration from Pennsylvania was also large. The contingent from this state 
in Kansas in 1860 numbered 6,463. The number of persons born in Pennsylvania and 
living in Illinois in 1860 was greater than in 1850 by 45,646 ; in Iowa, by 37,412 ; in 
Indiana, by 12,965 ; in Wisconsin, by 12,572 ; in Missouri, by 9,638. 
